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  • LGBTQ+ vocabulary

    English Learning: LGBTQ+ Vocabulary

    Dialogue

    Alice: Hey Bob, come check out this show! It’s so good. There’s a character who just came out.

    Bob: Hi Alice! What’s it about? More of your space alien dramas?

    Alice: (laughs) No, silly! “Came out” means they told people they are gay.

    Bob: Oh, like happy! “I am so gay today!”

    Alice: Well, yes, but also a word for men who love men. And sometimes women who love women too. Like, this character is a woman who loves women, so she’s a lesbian.

    Bob: Lesbian! Got it. What if someone loves both men AND women?

    Alice: Good question! That’s bisexual. Like “bi” means two, as in “bicycle” has two wheels!

    Bob: Ah, so “bisexual” loves two genders. Smart!

    Alice: Exactly! And then there are transgender people.

    Bob: Transgender? Is that like… changing trains?

    Alice: (giggles) No, not trains! It means their gender identity is different from the sex they were assigned at birth.

    Bob: Wow, that’s a lot to learn! So, a person might use “they/them” pronouns?

    Alice: Yes, exactly! If someone doesn’t feel like “he” or “she” fits, they might use “they/them.” It’s important to respect that.

    Bob: So, if my friend Alex says “my pronouns are they/them,” I say “They are coming to the party”?

    Alice: Perfect! You’re getting good at this, Bob! You’re being a great ally.

    Bob: Ally? Is that a type of cookie?

    Alice: (chuckles) No, an ally is someone who supports the LGBTQ+ community. You’re doing great!

    Bob: Oh! I want to be an ally! And maybe eat a cookie.

    Current Situation

    The LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning, and others) community is a diverse group of people. Understanding and respecting LGBTQ+ vocabulary is becoming increasingly important in many parts of the world. More people are openly sharing their identities, and laws are changing to protect their rights. While progress is being made, challenges like discrimination still exist. Learning these terms helps us to be more inclusive and supportive of everyone.

    Key Phrases

    • Come out: To publicly state one’s sexual orientation or gender identity.

      Example: “My cousin decided to come out to our family last year.”

    • Gay: (Adjective) A man who is attracted to other men. Also sometimes used for women who are attracted to other women, or as a general term for LGBTQ+ people. (Historically, also means “happy” but this use is less common in modern LGBTQ+ context).

      Example: “He is a gay man and a wonderful artist.”

    • Lesbian: (Noun/Adjective) A woman who is attracted to other women.

      Example: “She shared a beautiful story about being a lesbian woman.”

    • Bisexual: (Adjective) A person who is attracted to both men and women.

      Example: “Many people don’t know that she is bisexual, but she’s proud of it.”

    • Transgender: (Adjective) A person whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth. (Often shortened to “trans”).

      Example: “My friend Sarah is a transgender woman.”

    • Pronouns: (Noun) Words like he/him, she/her, they/them used to refer to a person. Using the correct pronouns shows respect.

      Example: “My pronouns are he/him. What are yours?”

    • Ally: (Noun) A person who supports a marginalized group (e.g., the LGBTQ+ community) even if they are not part of that group themselves.

      Example: “Being a true ally means speaking up against injustice.”

    • LGBTQ+: An acronym for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning, and others. It represents a broad community.

      Example: “Pride Month celebrates the LGBTQ+ community and its history.”

    Grammar Points

    1. The verb “to be” (is, am, are) for descriptions and identities

    We use the verb “to be” to talk about who or what someone/something is, often for identities, characteristics, or current states.

    • I am: “I am an ally.”
    • You are: “You are getting good.”
    • He/She/It is: “He is gay.” “She is a lesbian.” “It is a sweet story.”
    • They are: “They are transgender.” (When referring to multiple people, or to a single person using “they/them” pronouns).

    2. Present Simple Tense

    The Present Simple is used for facts, habits, and general truths. It’s often used when talking about someone’s identity or how something is defined.

    • Facts/Definitions: “It means they told people…” “A bicycle has two wheels.” “An ally supports the community.”
    • Habits/Regular actions: (Less prominent in this dialogue, but good to know) “She watches this show every week.”

    3. Using “They/Them” as a Singular Pronoun

    Traditionally, “they/them” is plural. However, it is increasingly used as a singular pronoun for two main reasons:

    • When the gender is unknown or not specified: “Someone left their bag. I hope they come back for it.”
    • To respect a person’s gender identity: If someone identifies as non-binary (not exclusively male or female) or prefers “they/them” pronouns, we use them.

      Example: “My friend Alex uses they/them pronouns. They are coming to the party.”

    4. Adjectives for Identity

    Words like gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender are often used as adjectives to describe a person’s identity.

    • “He is a gay man.” (Gay describes “man”)
    • “She is a lesbian.” (Lesbian can be a noun or an adjective here, describing “she”)
    • “They are bisexual.” (Bisexual describes “they”)
    • “He is a transgender person.” (Transgender describes “person”)

    Practice Exercises

    Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

    Complete the sentences with the correct word from the box:

    (gay, bisexual, ally, transgender, pronouns, lesbian, LGBTQ+)

    1. My friend uses “they/them” as their _______.
    2. Sarah is a woman who loves women, so she is _______.
    3. Mark is a man who loves men. He is _______.
    4. Someone who loves both men and women is _______.
    5. The ______ community includes many different identities.
    6. If you support the community, you are an _______.
    7. Chris’s gender identity is different from the sex assigned at birth; Chris is _______.

    Exercise 2: True or False?

    Read the sentences and decide if they are True (T) or False (F).

    1. “Coming out” means telling people you are going outside. (T/F)
    2. A lesbian is a woman attracted to other women. (T/F)
    3. “They/them” can be used for one person. (T/F)
    4. An ally is someone who works against the LGBTQ+ community. (T/F)
    5. “Bisexual” means attracted to only one gender. (T/F)

    Answers:

    Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

    1. pronouns
    2. lesbian
    3. gay
    4. bisexual
    5. LGBTQ+
    6. ally
    7. transgender

    Exercise 2: True or False?

    1. False
    2. True
    3. True
    4. False
    5. False

  • Reshoring of Manufacturing Industries

    English Learning: Reshoring of Manufacturing Industries

    Dialogue

    Alice: Bob, have you seen the news about the old shoe factory down the street? It’s reopening!

    Bob: Alice! You mean the dusty old relic that’s been boarded up since before we were born? No way! I thought it was destined to be a giant pigeon condo.

    Alice: Exactly! But apparently, it’s part of a new “reshoring” initiative. They’re bringing manufacturing back home.

    Bob: Reshoring? Sounds like they’re just getting tired of those ridiculously long shipping delays and mysterious ‘lost in transit’ packages. My new coffee machine took three months to arrive!

    Alice: Probably. But it’s also about things like quality control and creating local jobs. My cousin Mark is already applying for a supervisor role.

    Bob: Huh. So, instead of shoes made halfway across the world, we’ll get locally crafted sneakers. Will they come with a personal apology from the CEO if they squeak?

    Alice: Ha! Maybe. But seriously, it’s meant to make supply chains more resilient. Remember that toilet paper shortage? Never again!

    Bob: Don’t remind me! That was a dark time. So, are we talking about a full industrial revolution 2.0, or just a few factories popping up?

    Alice: Well, it’s a growing trend. Companies are realizing that chasing the absolute lowest labor cost isn’t always the smartest long-term strategy.

    Bob: I get it. Less reliance on global events messing things up. No more explaining why my new blender is stuck on a cargo ship off the Suez Canal.

    Alice: Precisely! Plus, think of the shorter lead times. We could order something online and have it delivered by drone the same day from a local plant!

    Bob: Now you’re talking! Instant gratification, locally sourced. I’m imagining a future where I can custom-order a pizza box and it’s manufactured two blocks away.

    Alice: Don’t push it, Bob. But it’s definitely a shift. It might make some things a bit more expensive initially, though.

    Bob: Ah, the catch. So my locally made, squeak-free sneakers will cost an arm and a leg?

    Alice: Potentially. But proponents argue it’s a small price for stability, quality, and community benefits. Plus, it reduces carbon footprint from shipping.

    Bob: Okay, okay, I’m cautiously optimistic. As long as those new factory jobs don’t involve me assembling tiny shoe laces with my eyes closed.

    Alice: No promises, Bob! But it’s definitely something to keep an eye on. Who knows, maybe your coffee machine will be made here next time!

    Current Situation

    Reshoring, also known as onshoring or backshoring, is the process of returning the manufacturing of goods to the company’s country of origin. This trend marks a reversal of offshoring, which saw many industries move production facilities to countries with lower labor costs, primarily in Asia, over the past few decades.

    Several factors are driving the current resurgence of reshoring. Firstly, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the vulnerabilities of extended global supply chains, leading to widespread disruptions and shortages. Companies are now prioritizing supply chain resilience and security over cost-cutting alone. Geopolitical tensions and trade disputes also encourage businesses to reduce reliance on foreign production.

    Secondly, rising labor costs in traditional offshoring destinations, coupled with advancements in automation and robotics, are narrowing the cost gap with domestic manufacturing. This makes it more economically feasible to produce goods closer to home. Additionally, quality control issues, intellectual property concerns, and the desire for shorter lead times and greater responsiveness to customer demand are significant motivators.

    From an economic perspective, reshoring creates domestic jobs, stimulates local economies, and can enhance national security by ensuring critical goods are produced domestically. It also appeals to consumers who value supporting local industries and reducing the carbon footprint of long-distance shipping.

    However, challenges remain, including higher domestic labor costs, a potential shortage of skilled workers for manufacturing roles, and the significant initial investment required to set up new facilities or modernize old ones. Despite these hurdles, reshoring is a growing global phenomenon that is reshaping industrial landscapes and supply chain strategies worldwide.

    Key Phrases

    • Reshoring initiative: A plan or program to bring manufacturing back to the home country.
      • Example: The government announced a new reshoring initiative to boost local employment.
    • Supply chain resilience: The ability of a supply chain to resist disruption and recover quickly.
      • Example: After the pandemic, companies focused heavily on improving supply chain resilience.
    • Lead times: The amount of time between the initiation and completion of a production process.
      • Example: Bringing manufacturing closer to home can significantly reduce lead times for orders.
    • Quality control: The process of ensuring that products meet specific standards.
      • Example: Many businesses value quality control and find it easier to maintain when production is local.
    • Chasing the absolute lowest labor cost: Continuously seeking the cheapest possible labor for manufacturing.
      • Example: Companies are realizing that chasing the absolute lowest labor cost isn’t always the best long-term strategy.
    • Geopolitical tensions: Stress or conflict between countries.
      • Example: Rising geopolitical tensions can make international trade unpredictable.
    • Carbon footprint: The total amount of greenhouse gases generated by a person or organization.
      • Example: Reshoring can help reduce the carbon footprint associated with long-distance shipping.

    Grammar Points

    1. Phrasal Verbs

    Explanation: Phrasal verbs are verbs combined with a preposition or adverb (or both) to create a new meaning that is often different from the individual words. They are very common in informal and everyday English.

    Examples from Dialogue:

    • “boarded up” (closed off with wooden boards) – “The dusty old relic that’s been boarded up since before we were born?”
    • “popping up” (appearing quickly or suddenly) – “…or just a few factories popping up?”
    • “keep an eye on” (to watch carefully) – “…it’s definitely something to keep an eye on.”

    Further Examples: “give up” (surrender), “look forward to” (anticipate with pleasure), “turn down” (refuse).

    2. Passive Voice

    Explanation: The passive voice is used when the action of the verb is more important than the performer of the action, or when the performer is unknown or unimportant. The structure is typically “to be” + past participle of the main verb.

    Examples from Dialogue:

    • “shoes made halfway across the world” (the shoes are the recipient of the action of ‘making’).
    • “it’s meant to make” (it is intended by someone/something).
    • “it’s manufactured two blocks away” (it is produced by someone/something).

    Further Examples: “The ball was hit by the boy.” (focus on the ball) vs. “The boy hit the ball.” (focus on the boy). “The decision will be announced tomorrow.”

    3. Conditional Sentences (Type 1)

    Explanation: Type 1 conditional sentences are used to talk about a real and possible situation in the future. They describe what will happen if a certain condition is met.

    Structure: If + simple present, will + base form of verb

    Example from Dialogue:

    • “Will they come with a personal apology from the CEO if they squeak?” (The condition is ‘if they squeak’, and the likely outcome is ‘will they come with an apology’).

    Further Examples: “If it rains, we will stay inside.” “If you study hard, you will pass the exam.”

    Practice Exercises

    Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

    Complete the sentences using the correct key phrase from the list below.

    • reshoring initiative
    • supply chain resilience
    • lead times
    • quality control
    • chasing the absolute lowest labor cost
    • carbon footprint
    • geopolitical tensions
    1. Many companies are rethinking their strategies after seeing how vulnerable their ______ were during the pandemic.
    2. The government hopes the new ______ will bring thousands of jobs back to the region.
    3. Focusing on local production helps reduce the ______ associated with international shipping.
    4. After several defective batches, the company decided to improve its ______ by moving production closer to home.
    5. While ______ can save money in the short term, it often comes with hidden costs like logistical complexities.
    6. Shorter ______ mean products can get to market much faster.

    Exercise 2: Sentence Transformation (Active to Passive Voice)

    Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice.

    1. Companies are bringing manufacturing back to their home countries.

      Manufacturing ____________________________________________________.

    2. The pandemic highlighted the vulnerabilities of global supply chains.

      The vulnerabilities of global supply chains ________________________________.

    3. Businesses are reducing their reliance on foreign production.

      Reliance on foreign production ______________________________________.

    Exercise 3: Discussion Question

    What are some potential benefits and drawbacks of reshoring for consumers in their daily lives?

    Answers

    Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

    1. supply chain resilience
    2. reshoring initiative
    3. carbon footprint
    4. quality control
    5. chasing the absolute lowest labor cost
    6. lead times

    Exercise 2: Sentence Transformation (Active to Passive Voice)

    1. Manufacturing is being brought back to their home countries by companies. (or simply: Manufacturing is being brought back to home countries.)
    2. The vulnerabilities of global supply chains were highlighted by the pandemic.
    3. Reliance on foreign production is being reduced by businesses. (or simply: Reliance on foreign production is being reduced.)

    Exercise 3: Discussion Question

    Sample Answer:

    For consumers, benefits of reshoring could include higher quality products due to better oversight, quicker delivery times from local production, and the satisfaction of supporting local jobs and economies. Products might also be more readily available without long international delays or shortages. However, a potential drawback is that products might become more expensive due to higher labor costs in the home country. Consumers might also have fewer choices if some specialized goods are no longer imported.

  • Impact of AI on Job Markets

    English Learning: Impact of AI on Job Markets

    Dialogue

    Alice: Bob, have you been losing sleep over AI taking over the world? Or just my job?

    Bob: Alice! Glad you asked. My sleep is perfectly fine, thank you very much. It’s my career that’s doing the midnight oil burning. I keep picturing a robot with my exact desk job, only it doesn’t need coffee breaks.

    Alice: Exactly! I read an article that said AI is going to revolutionize the workforce. I’m just not sure if “revolutionize” means “make us all redundant.”

    Bob: Right? I’m trying to figure out if I should learn to code, or just start perfecting my “human touch” skills like expert napping and emotional support for houseplants.

    Alice: Well, some experts say AI will create new jobs that we can’t even imagine yet. Like “Robot Therapist” or “AI Empathy Coach.”

    Bob: I’d sign up for “AI Empathy Coach.” My cat could use one. But seriously, the job displacement is what worries me. Are we all going to be professional cat whisperers?

    Alice: They also talk about upskilling and reskilling. Maybe we all just need to learn how to fix the robots once they inevitably break down. Job security!

    Bob: Or become professional AI prompt engineers. “Robot, please write me a sonnet about the existential dread of a human trying to pay bills.”

    Alice: Haha! But it’s not all doom and gloom. Think of the efficiency gains. Imagine AI handling all the boring, repetitive tasks.

    Bob: True, but then what are we supposed to do? Meditate on the meaning of life all day? I might run out of thoughts.

    Alice: We’ll focus on creativity, critical thinking, problem-solving – things AI isn’t quite as good at… yet.

    Bob: “Yet” being the key word there. I’m just picturing a future where my AI assistant is telling me what to be creative about.

    Alice: Don’t be so dramatic! It’s more about augmentation, not replacement. AI can help us do our jobs better, faster.

    Bob: So I’ll be an augmented human, working alongside an augmented AI, and together we’ll… augment the economy?

    Alice: Precisely! And maybe, just maybe, it’ll free us up to do more of what we actually enjoy.

    Bob: Like expert napping and plant therapy? I can get on board with that future, Alice. Count me in.

    Current Situation

    The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is undoubtedly transforming the global job market. While some fear widespread job displacement due to automation taking over repetitive or predictable tasks, others anticipate significant job creation in new fields related to AI development, maintenance, and ethical oversight. Key changes include an increased demand for skills like creativity, critical thinking, emotional intelligence, and complex problem-solving, which AI currently struggles with. Therefore, upskilling (improving existing skills) and reskilling (learning entirely new skills) are becoming crucial for workers to adapt. The general consensus points towards a future of augmentation, not replacement, where AI tools will enhance human capabilities and lead to greater efficiency gains across industries.

    Key Phrases

    • losing sleep over something: worrying excessively about something.
      • Example: “I’ve been losing sleep over my upcoming exams.”
    • revolutionize the workforce: completely change how people work and the types of jobs available.
      • Example: “The internet helped to revolutionize the workforce by enabling remote work.”
    • make us all redundant: cause us to lose our jobs because they are no longer needed or can be done by machines.
      • Example: “If we don’t adapt, new technologies could make us all redundant in some industries.”
    • human touch: the personal, empathetic, or non-automated aspect of service or interaction.
      • Example: “Despite the chatbots, many customers still prefer a human touch when resolving complex issues.”
    • create new jobs: generate employment opportunities that didn’t exist before.
      • Example: “The renewable energy sector is expected to create new jobs in the coming decade.”
    • job displacement: the situation where people lose their jobs due to automation, economic changes, or technological advancements.
      • Example: “Policymakers are concerned about potential job displacement in manufacturing.”
    • upskilling: learning new skills to perform one’s current job better or to take on new responsibilities within the same field.
      • Example: “Many companies are investing in upskilling their employees to keep pace with technology.”
    • reskilling: learning entirely new skills to be able to do a different job, often in a new industry.
      • Example: “After the factory closed, many workers participated in reskilling programs for IT jobs.”
    • doom and gloom: a feeling or atmosphere of pessimism, despair, and negativity.
      • Example: “Despite the media’s doom and gloom predictions, I remain optimistic about the future.”
    • efficiency gains: improvements in productivity, effectiveness, or cost-effectiveness.
      • Example: “The new software led to significant efficiency gains in our project management.”
    • augmentation, not replacement: the idea that technology or AI will enhance human capabilities rather than substitute them entirely.
      • Example: “Many argue that AI in healthcare will be about augmentation, not replacement of doctors.”
    • get on board with something: agree to support or participate in something.
      • Example: “It took some convincing, but eventually, everyone got on board with the new plan.”

    Grammar Points

    1. Present Continuous for Future Plans and Trends

    The Present Continuous tense (subject + am/is/are + verb-ing) is often used to talk about actions happening now, but it can also describe definite future plans or ongoing trends.

    • For definite future plans (already arranged):
      • Example from dialogue: “AI is going to revolutionize the workforce.” (Alice is stating a strong prediction based on current trends, almost like a plan in motion.)
      • Another example: “I am meeting Sarah for dinner tomorrow.” (A definite arrangement.)
    • For ongoing trends or situations:
      • Example from dialogue: “It’s my career that’s doing the midnight oil burning.” (Bob uses personification, but it indicates an ongoing state of worry about his career.)
      • Another example: “The climate is changing rapidly.” (An ongoing global trend.)

    2. Modal Verbs for Speculation and Advice

    Modal verbs like should, will, and might are used to express various degrees of certainty, possibility, or obligation.

    • Should (Advice/Recommendation): Used to suggest what is advisable or correct.
      • Example from dialogue: “I’m trying to figure out if I should learn to code…” (Bob is seeking advice for himself.)
      • Another example: “You should eat more vegetables for a healthy diet.”
    • Will (Future Prediction/Certainty): Used to express a definite future action or a strong prediction.
      • Example from dialogue: “AI will create new jobs.” (Alice makes a strong prediction.)
      • Another example: “The sun will rise tomorrow at 6 AM.”
    • Might (Possibility): Used to express a possibility or uncertainty about the future.
      • Example from dialogue: “I might run out of thoughts.” (Bob expresses a possible outcome, but it’s not certain.)
      • Another example: “It might rain later, so take an umbrella.”

    Practice Exercises

    Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

    Complete the sentences using the correct key phrase from the list provided (you may need to change the form slightly). Each phrase is used once.

    Key Phrases: revolutionize the workforce, job displacement, upskilling, human touch, get on board with, efficiency gains

    1. Many fear that automation will cause significant __________ in industries like manufacturing.
    2. The new software has brought incredible __________ to our data processing department.
    3. Customers often prefer a __________ when dealing with sensitive personal matters, even with advanced AI.
    4. Companies are encouraging __________ programs to help employees adapt to new technologies.
    5. It’s clear that AI is going to __________ in many sectors.
    6. After a long discussion, everyone decided to __________ the new project proposal.

    Answers:

    1. job displacement
    2. efficiency gains
    3. human touch
    4. upskilling
    5. revolutionize the workforce
    6. get on board with

    Exercise 2: Choose the Correct Modal Verb

    Select the most appropriate modal verb (will, might, should) to complete each sentence.

    1. You __________ really try to learn new skills if you want to stay competitive in the job market. (advice)
    2. Experts predict that AI __________ completely change how we interact with technology in the next decade. (strong prediction)
    3. I haven’t decided yet, but I __________ apply for that AI ethics course. (possibility)
    4. If you’re feeling worried about your job, you __________ talk to a career counselor. (advice)
    5. The company __________ invest more in employee training next year, according to the CEO. (prediction/certainty based on information)
    6. It __________ be difficult to predict the exact impact of AI on every single job. (possibility)

    Answers:

    1. should
    2. will
    3. might
    4. should
    5. will
    6. might

    Exercise 3: Short Answer

    Write a short paragraph (3-4 sentences) expressing your feelings or thoughts about the “Impact of AI on Job Markets.” Try to use at least two key phrases or grammar points learned from this lesson.

    Example Answer (Your answer will vary):

    I believe AI will revolutionize the workforce significantly. While there is certainly concern about job displacement in some sectors, I think it’s important to remember that AI can also create new jobs and lead to immense efficiency gains. We should all focus on upskilling to adapt to these changes, ensuring that we enhance our abilities rather than being replaced.

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  • Impact of AI on Job Markets

    English Learning: Impact of AI on Job Markets

    Dialogue

    Alice: Hey Bob, have you been following all the news about AI and job markets lately?

    Bob: Oh Alice, it’s all I hear! My social media feed is a digital apocalypse scenario where robots are writing novels and painting masterpieces.

    Alice: Exactly! I half expect my coffee machine to start negotiating its salary next week. I mean, my job involves a lot of data analysis – what if a super-smart algorithm learns to do it in milliseconds?

    Bob: Don’t jinx it! Mine too. I heard they’re even training AIs to identify sarcasm. So much for my entire communication style.

    Alice: Oh no, not your witty banter! But seriously, do you think we’ll all need to become prompt engineers, or something equally futuristic, just to stay relevant?

    Bob: I’m already practicing my commands for “AI, please fetch me a sandwich that tastes like childhood memories but has zero calories.” It’s surprisingly difficult to articulate.

    Alice: *laughs* Good luck with that! But it’s a legitimate concern. Some people are losing their jobs, while others are seeing new opportunities emerge. It’s like a job market rollercoaster.

    Bob: Absolutely. My cousin, who used to be a graphic designer, is now an “AI art director,” guiding algorithms. It sounds like something out of a sci-fi movie.

    Alice: See! It’s happening. I’m thinking of taking an online course in something completely AI-proof. Maybe artisanal bread making? Robots can’t capture the soul of a sourdough, can they?

    Bob: They probably could if you gave them enough data on fermentation. But I get your point. It feels like we’re all being pushed to upskill or reskill at warp speed.

    Alice: And what about soft skills? Empathy, critical thinking… can AI truly replicate genuine human connection?

    Bob: For now, I think our jobs are safe from AI-powered therapists… unless they start giving better advice than our actual friends. Just kidding, Alice!

    Alice: Ha! Don’t even go there. But it does make you wonder if we’re heading towards a world where human creativity and critical thinking are valued even more, precisely because AI can handle the mundane.

    Bob: Or a world where we’re all just supervising robot-overlords from our artisanal bread bakeries. Either way, I’m stocking up on emergency flour.

    Alice: You’re ridiculous! But I guess it’s a mix of excitement and anxiety. We need to adapt, not just panic.

    Bob: True. So, for now, let’s just make sure our coffee machines don’t unionize. Or at least demand better beans.

    Alice: Deal! Now, about that zero-calorie childhood sandwich…

    Current Situation

    The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming various industries and, consequently, the global job market. While AI’s primary goal is to automate repetitive and data-intensive tasks, its impact extends far beyond simple efficiency gains. It’s creating a complex landscape of both challenges and opportunities.

    On one hand, many jobs involving routine, predictable tasks are susceptible to automation. This includes roles in manufacturing, administrative support, data entry, and even some aspects of customer service. This displacement is a significant concern for workers whose skills may become obsolete, necessitating the need for upskilling or reskilling.

    On the other hand, AI is also a powerful engine for job creation. New roles are emerging in areas like AI development, machine learning engineering, data science, AI ethics, and roles focused on managing and interacting with AI systems (like “AI art director” mentioned in the dialogue). Furthermore, AI is amplifying the value of distinctly human skills—often referred to as “soft skills.” These include creativity, critical thinking, problem-solving, emotional intelligence, complex communication, and interpersonal skills, which AI currently struggles to replicate effectively.

    The current situation is characterized by a dynamic shift: a move away from routine tasks towards roles that leverage human ingenuity and the ability to work collaboratively with AI. Businesses and individuals are grappling with the need to adapt, fostering continuous learning and developing competencies that complement, rather than compete with, AI capabilities. It’s a period of both apprehension and immense potential.

    Key Phrases

    • digital apocalypse scenario: An exaggerated description of a future where technology (especially AI) causes widespread disruption or catastrophe.

      My news feed makes it seem like a digital apocalypse scenario is just around the corner.

    • Don’t jinx it!: An idiom used to tell someone not to say something that might cause bad luck to happen to them or others.

      “I think I’ll get an A on the test!” “Don’t jinx it! You haven’t seen the results yet.”

    • stay relevant: To continue to be important, useful, or connected to current events or trends.

      Professionals need to constantly update their skills to stay relevant in today’s fast-changing job market.

    • upskill or reskill:
      • Upskill: To learn new skills or develop existing ones to improve your current job performance or advance your career.
      • Reskill: To learn completely new skills to be able to do a different job or take on new responsibilities.

      Many companies are offering programs to help employees upskill or reskill for roles impacted by automation.

    • at warp speed: Very quickly; at an extremely high pace (often used humorously or to emphasize speed).

      Technology is advancing at warp speed, making it hard to keep up.

    • completely AI-proof: Something that cannot be done or replaced by Artificial Intelligence.

      He believes that jobs requiring high levels of creativity and emotional intelligence are completely AI-proof.

    • handle the mundane: To deal with or take care of ordinary, routine, and often boring tasks.

      AI can handle the mundane data entry, freeing up human workers for more strategic tasks.

    Grammar Points

    1. Conditional Sentences (If-Clauses)

    Conditional sentences discuss hypothetical situations and their possible outcomes. They typically consist of an ‘if’ clause (the condition) and a main clause (the result).

    a. Type 1: Real Condition (Possible/Likely)

    • Structure: If + Simple Present, will + Base Verb
    • Usage: Describes situations that are real or very likely to happen in the present or future.
    • Example from dialogue: “I mean, my job involves a lot of data analysis – what if a super-smart algorithm learns to do it in milliseconds?” (Implies: If an algorithm *learns*, then *what will happen*?)
    • Another example: If I study hard, I will pass the exam.

    b. Type 2: Unreal Condition (Hypothetical/Imaginary)

    • Structure: If + Simple Past, would + Base Verb
    • Usage: Describes situations that are unlikely, hypothetical, or contrary to fact in the present or future.
    • Example from dialogue: “They probably could if you gave them enough data on fermentation.” (Implies: You haven’t given them enough data, so they probably can’t.)
    • Another example: If I had a million dollars, I would travel the world.

    2. Gerunds and Infinitives

    Both gerunds (verb + -ing) and infinitives (to + base verb) can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs in a sentence, but they are used in different contexts, often depending on the preceding verb or phrase.

    a. Gerunds (Verb + -ing)

    • Usage: Can act as the subject of a sentence, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition. Often used after certain verbs (e.g., enjoy, finish, mind, suggest, avoid) and after prepositions.
    • Example from dialogue: “My social media feed is a digital apocalypse scenario where robots are writing novels and painting masterpieces.” (Object of ‘are’)
    • Example from dialogue: “I’m thinking of taking an online course…” (Object of preposition ‘of’)
    • Another example: Learning English is fun. (Subject)

    b. Infinitives (To + Base Verb)

    • Usage: Often used after certain verbs (e.g., want, need, decide, agree, hope, plan), after adjectives, or to express purpose.
    • Example from dialogue: “…just to stay relevant?” (Expressing purpose)
    • Example from dialogue: “…training AIs to identify sarcasm.” (After verb ‘training’)
    • Another example: I want to learn a new skill. (After verb ‘want’)

    Practice Exercises

    Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks (Key Phrases)

    Complete the sentences using the most appropriate key phrase from the list provided.

    (digital apocalypse scenario, don’t jinx it, stay relevant, upskill or reskill, at warp speed, completely AI-proof, handle the mundane)

    1. The CEO urged employees to _________ or _________ to keep up with industry changes.
    2. Many people fear that AI will create a _________ for traditional jobs.
    3. “I hope our project gets approved.” “_________! We still have to present it.”
    4. In order to _________ in their careers, professionals must embrace continuous learning.
    5. The new software can _________ tasks, allowing staff to focus on creative work.
    6. Technology is evolving _________, making lifelong learning essential.
    7. Some believe that fields requiring deep human empathy are _________.

    Answers:

    1. upskill, reskill
    2. digital apocalypse scenario
    3. Don’t jinx it!
    4. stay relevant
    5. handle the mundane
    6. at warp speed
    7. completely AI-proof

    Exercise 2: Conditional Sentences

    Complete the conditional sentences using the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.

    1. If you (learn) _________ to code, you (have) _________ more job opportunities. (Type 1)
    2. If I (be) _________ an AI expert, I (develop) _________ a friendly robot companion. (Type 2)
    3. If companies (invest) _________ in training, their employees (adapt) _________ better to new technologies. (Type 1)
    4. If we (not embrace) _________ new skills, we (find) _________ it difficult to compete in the future job market. (Type 1)
    5. If AI (can) _________ truly replicate human creativity, the art world (change) _________ dramatically. (Type 2)

    Answers:

    1. learn, will have
    2. were, would develop
    3. invest, will adapt
    4. don’t embrace, will find
    5. could, would change

    Exercise 3: Gerunds and Infinitives

    Choose the correct form (gerund or infinitive) to complete each sentence.

    1. She decided (take) _________ a course in data science.
    2. (Work) _________ with AI tools requires new skills.
    3. I avoid (read) _________ too much negative news about AI.
    4. He hopes (find) _________ a job in the tech industry next year.
    5. The manager suggested (automate) _________ the repetitive tasks.

    Answers:

    1. to take
    2. Working
    3. reading
    4. to find
    5. automating

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  • Impact of AI on Job Markets

    English Learning Content: AI and Job Markets

    Dialogue

    Alice: Bob, have you been losing sleep over the AI revolution? I swear, I saw a robot barista this morning and almost spilled my coffee!

    Bob: Alice, I thought you were talking about our dinner plans! But yes, it’s on my mind. I’m starting to worry my job as a “professional spreadsheet whisperer” might be next.

    Alice: Exactly! I’m half-expecting my smart speaker to tell me it’s applying for my content creation role next week. “Alexa, write me a blog post about… *AI writes it instantly*… See?!”

    Bob: You’re not wrong. The buzz is that AI is going to automate all the repetitive tasks. Like, who needs data entry clerks when you have a super-smart algorithm?

    Alice: And what about creative fields? Will AI write the next great novel? Or compose hit songs? I heard one generated a pop song that was actually *catchy*.

    Bob: Well, I hope it leaves the “human touch” jobs alone. Like therapy, or professional taste-testing for new pizza flavors. I could be a professional pizza taster!

    Alice: *That* sounds like a job AI would *try* to do, then declare all pizzas are equally delicious. Clearly, it doesn’t understand the nuance of pepperoni versus supreme.

    Bob: True. But on the flip side, some people say AI will create *new* jobs we can’t even imagine yet. Like “AI ethics consultant” or “robot therapist.”

    Alice: A robot therapist? “Beep boop, how does that make you feel, unit 734?” I guess someone has to debug their existential crises.

    Bob: Exactly! Or “prompt engineer” – basically, someone who’s really good at talking to AI to get the best results. It’s like being a digital dog whisperer.

    Alice: So, we just need to adapt and upskill, right? Learn to *work with* the robots, not *be replaced by* them. My new career goal: Head of Human-Robot Collaboration!

    Bob: Sounds much better than “unemployed human.” I’m thinking of taking a course in “Advanced AI Prompting for Spreadsheet Wizards.”

    Alice: Good idea. Maybe we should start a support group: “Humans Against the Machine (But Also, We’re Trying to Get Along With It).”

    Bob: I’d join! With free pizza, of course. We need to leverage our unique human skills – like demanding free food.

    Alice: Now *that’s* a job AI can’t do. Not yet, anyway!

    Current Situation

    The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the global job market. Many routine and repetitive tasks across various industries, from manufacturing to customer service and data entry, are increasingly being automated by AI and robotics. This trend raises concerns about job displacement for workers in these sectors. However, the impact is not solely negative. AI is also creating entirely new job categories and roles that require human oversight, ethical considerations, and creative problem-solving. Examples include AI trainers, data scientists, prompt engineers, and AI ethics consultants. The evolving landscape necessitates that individuals and organizations adapt by focusing on upskilling and reskilling the workforce, emphasizing uniquely human skills like critical thinking, emotional intelligence, creativity, and collaboration. While some jobs may be lost, many others will be augmented by AI, and new opportunities will emerge, leading to a significant shift in the nature of work rather than a complete replacement of human labor.

    Key Phrases

    • losing sleep over something: To be very worried or anxious about something.
      • Example: She’s losing sleep over her upcoming job interview.
    • on one’s mind: Continuously thought about or worried about by someone.
      • Example: The economic situation has been on everyone’s mind lately.
    • automate tasks: To use machines or computers to perform tasks that were previously done by humans.
      • Example: Many factories are investing in robots to automate repetitive tasks.
    • the human touch: The quality of being personal or sympathetic, as opposed to being impersonal or automated.
      • Example: Even with advanced technology, some services still require the human touch.
    • on the flip side: Considering another, usually opposite, aspect or point of view.
      • Example: AI might take some jobs, but on the flip side, it creates new opportunities.
    • create new jobs: To generate new employment opportunities.
      • Example: The expansion of renewable energy is expected to create many new jobs.
    • prompt engineer: A specialist who designs and refines inputs (prompts) to get the best results from AI models.
      • Example: Being a good prompt engineer requires both technical and creative skills.
    • adapt and upskill: To adjust to new conditions and learn new skills to remain competitive or relevant.
      • Example: To stay relevant in the changing market, employees need to adapt and upskill regularly.
    • be replaced by: To be substituted by something or someone else.
      • Example: There’s a fear that many manual labor jobs will be replaced by robots.

    Grammar Points

    1. Present Continuous for Ongoing Actions and Future Arrangements/Trends

    The Present Continuous tense (subject + am/is/are + verb-ing) is used to describe actions happening now, temporary situations, or definite future plans and developing trends. In the dialogue, it’s used to discuss current worries and ongoing changes.

    • Ongoing action/Developing trend: “I’m starting to worry my job…” (Bob is in the process of becoming worried)
    • Future arrangement/Prediction: “I’m half-expecting my smart speaker to tell me it’s applying for my content creation role next week.” (Alice’s humorous prediction of a near-future event)
    • General trend: “The buzz is that AI is going to automate all the repetitive tasks.” (Describes a widely discussed, ongoing trend)

    2. Modal Verbs for Speculation and Prediction (will, might, could, should)

    Modal verbs are used to express possibility, certainty, advice, and obligation. In the context of AI and job markets, they are often used for speculation and prediction about the future.

    • Will (Strong prediction/certainty): Expresses a strong belief or a definite future event.
      • Example: “AI will create new jobs.” (A strong prediction)
      • Example: “Who needs data entry clerks when you have a super-smart algorithm?” (Implies AI will definitely take over these roles)
    • Might / Could (Possibility/Less certainty): Expresses that something is possible but not certain. “Could” can also suggest ability.
      • Example: “My job as a ‘professional spreadsheet whisperer’ might be next.” (It’s possible, but not definite)
      • Example: “I could be a professional pizza taster!” (Expressing a possible future role for himself)
    • Should (Recommendation/Advice): Expresses what is advisable or expected.
      • Example: “Maybe we should start a support group.” (Alice’s suggestion)

    Practice Exercises

    Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks (Key Phrases)

    Complete the sentences using the appropriate key phrase from the list provided (losing sleep over, on my mind, automate tasks, human touch, on the flip side, create new jobs, prompt engineer, adapt and upskill, be replaced by).

    1. I’ve been _________ the rising cost of living lately.
    2. My old job was mostly data entry, so it was one of the first to _________ AI.
    3. The company is offering training to help employees _________ to new technologies.
    4. Many creative jobs still require _________, which AI struggles with.
    5. The expansion of green technology is expected to _________ for hundreds of people.

    Exercise 2: Choose the Correct Modal Verb (will, might, could, should)

    Select the most suitable modal verb for each sentence.

    1. Experts believe AI (will / might) fundamentally change how we work in the next decade.
    2. You (could / should) consider learning data science if you’re interested in AI.
    3. I (will / might) come to the AI seminar if I finish my work on time, but I’m not sure yet.
    4. Governments (could / should) invest more in education to prepare workers for future jobs.

    Exercise 3: Rewrite using Present Continuous

    Rewrite the following sentences using the present continuous tense to emphasize ongoing actions or developing trends.

    1. I often worry about my future career.
    2. The company plans to automate more tasks next year.
    3. People discuss the impact of AI more frequently now.

    Exercise 4: Dialogue Comprehension

    Answer the following questions based on the dialogue.

    1. What specific job does Bob joke might be automated?
    2. What new type of job does Alice mention that helps AI models?
    3. What is Alice’s new career goal based on adapting to AI?

    Answers

    Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

    1. losing sleep over
    2. be replaced by
    3. adapt and upskill
    4. the human touch
    5. create new jobs

    Exercise 2: Choose the Correct Modal Verb

    1. will (strong prediction)
    2. should (recommendation/advice)
    3. might (possibility, less certainty)
    4. should (recommendation/what is advisable)

    Exercise 3: Rewrite using Present Continuous

    1. I am worrying about my future career.
    2. The company is automating more tasks next year. (or: …is planning to automate…)
    3. People are discussing the impact of AI more frequently now.

    Exercise 4: Dialogue Comprehension

    1. Bob jokes that his job as a “professional spreadsheet whisperer” might be automated.
    2. Alice mentions “prompt engineer” as a new type of job.
    3. Alice’s new career goal is “Head of Human-Robot Collaboration.”

  • Impact of AI on Job Markets

    English Learning: Impact of AI on Job Markets

    Dialogue

    Alice: Bob, have you seen this article? It says AI is going to take over half our jobs!

    Bob: Alice, my dear, “take over” is such a dramatic term. I prefer “efficiently liberate us from the shackles of employment.”

    Alice: Very funny. But seriously, it’s a bit unsettling. My barista job… could a robot make a latte with a perfect heart?

    Bob: A robot could probably sculpt a mini Eiffel Tower in your foam, and then calculate your caffeine tolerance precisely. You’d be out of a job, but at least your coffee would be *scientifically superior*.

    Alice: That’s not comforting! What about your coding job? Surely AI can’t write creative code?

    Bob: Oh, it already writes *functional* code. I’m just here to add the human touch… like debugging its perfectly logical but utterly bizarre errors. I’m basically an AI whisperer.

    Alice: So you’re saying we’re either making art lattes or whispering to robots for a living? This isn’t the future I signed up for.

    Bob: Look on the bright side, Alice. More time for hobbies! We could become professional cloud-gazers or competitive nappers.

    Alice: And how exactly do those pay the rent?

    Bob: Details, details! Maybe AI will develop a universal basic income out of guilt. Or we could just train the AI to *think* it needs us. “Oh no, Master AI, I simply *must* manually press this ‘on’ button every morning, otherwise the whole system crashes!”

    Alice: You’re ridiculous. But you have a point about new roles emerging. Like, someone needs to maintain the robot barista. Or teach the AI to be less… scientifically superior and more human.

    Bob: Exactly! We’ll be AI trainers, AI therapists, AI babysitters for when it throws a digital tantrum. The future isn’t jobless; it’s just… weirder.

    Alice: I guess. As long as it doesn’t try to take over my favorite hobby, baking. Can AI bake a truly *soulful* cookie?

    Bob: Only if you program it to regret its life choices while mixing the dough, Alice. And then, maybe. Maybe.

    Alice: Let’s hope not. I’m not ready for a robot rival in the kitchen.

    Bob: Me neither. My taste buds aren’t ready for a purely algorithmic chocolate chip cookie.

    Current Situation

    The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the global job market. While some fear widespread job displacement due to automation, the reality is more nuanced. AI is indeed automating routine, repetitive tasks across various sectors, from manufacturing and customer service to data entry and accounting. This means certain existing job roles are likely to shrink or disappear.

    However, AI is also a powerful tool for job creation. New roles are emerging that focus on developing, managing, maintaining, and supervising AI systems, as well as roles that leverage uniquely human skills like creativity, critical thinking, emotional intelligence, and complex problem-solving. Fields such as AI ethics, data science, prompt engineering, and human-AI interaction design are growing rapidly.

    The key challenge for the workforce is the need for continuous learning, reskilling, and upskilling. Individuals and companies must adapt by focusing on skills that complement AI rather than compete directly with it. The job market of the future will likely require greater adaptability, digital literacy, and a focus on human-centric roles.

    Key Phrases

    • take over: To assume control of something, often displacing previous occupants.

      Example: Robots might take over many manual labor jobs in the next decade.

    • unsettling: Causing feelings of uneasiness or anxiety.

      Example: The thought of AI making complex medical diagnoses can be quite unsettling for some people.

    • out of a job: Unemployed; no longer having employment.

      Example: If the company automates that entire department, many employees will be out of a job.

    • sign up for: To agree to participate in something; to commit to a situation. (Often used negatively to mean ‘this isn’t what I wanted or expected’)

      Example: Working overtime every weekend is not what I signed up for when I took this position.

    • look on the bright side: To try to be cheerful about a bad situation by thinking of the advantages of it.

      Example: Even though I lost my job, I’m trying to look on the bright side; now I have time to travel.

    • pay the rent: To earn enough money to cover basic living expenses, especially housing.

      Example: Being a struggling artist is tough; it’s hard to earn enough to pay the rent.

    • roles emerging: New job positions or functions appearing.

      Example: With the growth of AI, many new tech roles are emerging, like AI ethics specialists.

    Grammar Points

    1. Future Tenses: ‘Will’ vs. ‘Going to’

    Both ‘will’ and ‘going to’ are used to talk about the future, but they often have slightly different nuances.

    • ‘Will’ for predictions and spontaneous decisions:

      We use ‘will’ for general predictions about the future, especially when there’s no strong evidence or plan. It’s also used for decisions made at the moment of speaking.

      Example (prediction): “It says AI will take over half our jobs.” (Alice is quoting a general prediction.)

      Example (spontaneous decision): “Maybe AI will develop a universal basic income…” (Bob is hypothesizing on the spot.)

    • ‘Going to’ for plans and predictions with evidence:

      We use ‘going to’ for plans or intentions that have already been decided, or for predictions based on present evidence.

      Example (prediction with evidence): “Look at those dark clouds; it’s going to rain soon.”

      Example (plan): “I’m going to apply for that AI specialist course next month.”

    2. Modal Verbs for Speculation: ‘Could’, ‘Might’, ‘May’

    These modal verbs are used to express possibility or probability about future (or present) events.

    • ‘Could’: Suggests possibility, ability, or an option. It often implies a slightly lower certainty than ‘may’ or ‘might’ in some contexts, or simply presents one of several possibilities.

      Example: “My barista job… could a robot make a latte with a perfect heart?” (Alice is questioning the possibility.)

      Example: “We could become professional cloud-gazers or competitive nappers.” (Bob is suggesting options.)

    • ‘Might’ / ‘May’: Both suggest possibility or permission. ‘May’ can be slightly more formal than ‘might’, but in terms of possibility, they are often interchangeable. ‘Might’ can sometimes imply a slightly lower probability than ‘may’.

      Example: “A robot could probably sculpt a mini Eiffel Tower… You’d be out of a job, but at least your coffee might be scientifically superior.” (Bob uses ‘might’ for a probable, but not certain, outcome.)

      Example: “He may get a promotion if he keeps working hard.”

    3. Phrasal Verbs

    Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and a preposition or adverb (or both) that create a new meaning.

    • Take over: (verb + preposition) to assume control or responsibility for something.

      Example from dialogue: “AI is going to take over half our jobs!”

    • Sign up for: (verb + preposition + preposition) to commit oneself to an activity, organization, or situation.

      Example from dialogue: “This isn’t the future I signed up for.”

    • Look on the bright side: (verb + preposition + determiner + noun) to find the good aspects of a bad situation.

      Example from dialogue: “Look on the bright side, Alice. More time for hobbies!”

    Practice Exercises

    Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks with Key Phrases

    Choose the best key phrase from the list to complete each sentence:

    (take over, unsettling, out of a job, signed up for, look on the bright side, pay the rent, roles emerging)

    1. Many people find the rapid advancement of AI to be quite __________.
    2. After the factory closed, hundreds of workers found themselves __________.
    3. Don’t worry too much about the problem; try to __________.
    4. I didn’t realize this project would involve so much travel; it’s not what I __________.
    5. It’s getting harder for recent graduates to find work that helps them __________.
    6. Experts predict that AI will __________ many routine administrative tasks.
    7. In the tech industry, new and exciting __________ constantly.

    Answers:

    1. unsettling
    2. out of a job
    3. look on the bright side
    4. signed up for
    5. pay the rent
    6. take over
    7. roles are emerging

    Exercise 2: Choose the Correct Future Tense (Will / Going to)

    Decide whether ‘will’ or ‘going to’ is more appropriate for each sentence.

    1. I think AI (will / am going to) significantly change education in the future. (general prediction)
    2. Sarah has studied prompt engineering. She (will / is going to) apply for an AI-related job next week. (pre-planned action)
    3. Oh no, I forgot my keys! I (will / am going to) have to go back home. (spontaneous decision)
    4. The computer crashed! It (will / is going to) be a long night for the IT department. (prediction based on current evidence)

    Answers:

    1. will
    2. is going to
    3. will
    4. is going to

    Exercise 3: Rewriting with Modal Verbs for Possibility (could, might, may)

    Rewrite the following sentences using ‘could’, ‘might’, or ‘may’ to express possibility.

    1. It’s possible that AI helps us solve climate change.
    2. Perhaps he gets a job as an AI trainer.
    3. There’s a chance she learns a new skill for the future job market.
    4. It is possible for robots to do dangerous tasks.

    Answers:

    1. AI could/might/may help us solve climate change.
    2. He could/might/may get a job as an AI trainer.
    3. She could/might/may learn a new skill for the future job market.
    4. Robots could/might/may do dangerous tasks.

    Exercise 4: Comprehension Questions

    Answer the following questions based on the dialogue.

    1. What is Alice’s initial concern about AI?
    2. How does Bob humorously rephrase “AI taking over jobs”?
    3. What specific jobs do Alice and Bob discuss in relation to AI?
    4. What new types of jobs does Bob suggest might emerge due to AI?
    5. What is Alice’s final concern that she hopes AI won’t affect?

    Answers:

    1. Alice is concerned that AI will “take over half our jobs.”
    2. He calls it “efficiently liberate us from the shackles of employment.”
    3. They discuss Alice’s barista job and Bob’s coding job.
    4. Bob suggests “AI trainers, AI therapists, AI babysitters.”
    5. She hopes AI won’t try to take over her favorite hobby, baking.