English Learning: Sports Technology and Wearables

Dialogue

Current Situation

Sports technology and wearables have transformed how athletes, fitness enthusiasts, and even casual users monitor and enhance their physical activity and health. Once confined to professional sports, these devices are now mainstream, offering a plethora of data points right from our wrists, shoes, or clothing.

Modern smartwatches and fitness trackers are at the forefront, providing real-time metrics like heart rate, steps, calories burned, sleep quality, and GPS tracking for runs and rides. Advanced features include VO2 max estimation, recovery time recommendations, and personalized coaching insights powered by artificial intelligence.

Beyond the wrist, smart apparel (like shirts, socks, and insoles) can track muscle activity, posture, foot strike, and even body temperature. Smart water bottles ensure optimal hydration, while smart scales track body composition. The goal is to provide holistic data that helps users optimize performance, prevent injuries, improve overall health, and stay motivated through gamified challenges like “closing activity rings.”

The industry continues to innovate, integrating more sophisticated sensors, longer battery life, and seamless connectivity, making these tools indispensable for anyone looking to understand and improve their physical well-being.

Key Phrases

• engrossed in (something): deeply involved or absorbed in something. He was so engrossed in his workout data, he didn’t notice us.
• post-run stats: statistical data collected after a run (e.g., distance, pace, heart rate). My smartwatch provides detailed post-run stats, including my average pace.
• practically a life coach: almost like a personal mentor or guide for life, often used humorously or to emphasize extensive help. This app manages my finances and schedule; it’s practically a life coach!
• VO2 max: a measure of the maximum amount of oxygen an individual can utilize during intense exercise. Athletes often train to improve their VO2 max for better endurance.
• recovery time: the period needed for the body to recuperate after physical exertion. After a long hike, the tracker recommended 48 hours of recovery time.
• performance readiness: a metric indicating how prepared one’s body is for physical activity, often based on sleep, recovery, and stress. My tracker shows my performance readiness is low today, so I’ll take it easy.
• optimal stress levels: the ideal amount of physical or mental stress for a positive outcome or adaptation, not too much or too little. The coach aims for optimal stress levels in training to avoid overtraining.
• benevolent overlord: a ruler or powerful entity that is kind and well-meaning but still controls everything (often used humorously to describe technology). My smart home system is becoming a benevolent overlord, turning lights on and off without me asking.
• foot strike: the way a runner’s foot makes contact with the ground (e.g., heel, midfoot, forefoot). Analyzing your foot strike can help prevent running injuries.
• pronating too much: when the foot rolls inward excessively during walking or running. Specialized shoes can help runners who are pronating too much.
• splurged on (something): spent a lot of money on something, often unnecessarily or as a treat. I finally splurged on those noise-canceling headphones.
• trust (something) implicitly: trust something completely, without any doubts. She trusts her GPS implicitly, even when it tells her to turn down a dirt road.
• vibrated furiously: shook intensely and rapidly. My phone vibrated furiously in my pocket, signaling an urgent call.
• close my activity rings: complete the daily activity goals (e.g., move, exercise, stand) common on some fitness trackers like Apple Watch. I walk every evening to make sure I close my activity rings.
• not infallible: not perfect; capable of making mistakes. While AI is powerful, it is not infallible and can sometimes make errors.
• couch potato activity: humorous term for being lazy or inactive, like watching TV for long periods. My weekend consisted mostly of couch potato activity and snacks.
• revolutionize your (something): to completely change (something), especially by introducing new methods, equipment, or ideas. The internet has revolutionized the way we communicate.

Grammar Points

1. Present Perfect Continuous (e.g., “What’s got you so engrossed?”)

The Present Perfect Continuous tense is used to talk about an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present, or has just stopped but its effects are still visible.

Structure: Subject + have/has + been + verb-ing (present participle)

• Example from dialogue (implied): Bob is engrossed because he has been checking his stats.
• Another example: “I’ve been checking my stats all morning.” (The action started in the morning and continues or just finished.)
• Another example: “The smart insoles have been tracking my foot strike for weeks.” (The tracking started weeks ago and is still ongoing.)

2. Phrasal Verbs (e.g., “saving up,” “check out,” “turns out”)

Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and a preposition or adverb (or both) that create a new meaning different from the original verb.

• Saving up: To save money over a period of time for a specific purpose. I’m saving up for a new bike.
• Check out: To examine something, or to find out more about something. Check out this new feature on my fitness tracker!
• Turns out: To be discovered or revealed, especially unexpectedly. It turns out my tracker thought stirring coffee was exercise.
• Go for: To choose or opt for something; also to engage in an activity. I decided to go for a run despite the recommendation.

3. Quantifiers and Adverbs of Degree (e.g., “too much,” “mostly,” “surprisingly”)

These words modify nouns or verbs to indicate quantity, amount, or intensity.

• Too much: Indicates an excessive amount or degree. I ate too much cake. My feet were pronating too much.
• Mostly: Indicates that something is true for the most part, but not entirely. I mostly trust the tech, but sometimes it’s wrong.
• Surprisingly: Indicates that something is unexpected or causes surprise. The device is surprisingly accurate.
• Implicitly: Without reservation or doubt; totally. Do you trust this tech implicitly?

4. Conditional Sentences (Type 1: Real Possibility)

Used to talk about a real and possible situation in the future and its likely result.

Structure: If + Present Simple, … will + Base Verb / Imperative / Modal verb

• Example from dialogue: “What if it tells you to run a marathon when you’re clearly unwell?” (This is a question form, but follows the same logic.)
• Another example: “If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.”
• Another example: “If you charge your smartwatch tonight, it will last all day tomorrow.”

Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks with Key Phrases

Choose the best key phrase from the list to complete each sentence. (You may need to change the form slightly, e.g., ‘engrossed’ to ‘engrossed in’).

1. After my bike ride, I checked my __________ to see my average speed and distance.
2. She was so __________ her new novel that she didn’t hear the doorbell.
3. My personal trainer is so thorough; he’s __________ for my fitness journey.
4. The app told me my __________ was high, so I felt ready for a strenuous workout.
5. Many runners try to avoid __________ because it can lead to knee pain.
6. I decided to __________ a new pair of smart headphones.
7. My tracker __________ during my meeting, reminding me to stand up.
8. You shouldn’t __________ every piece of information you read online; always verify.

Exercise 2: Sentence Transformation (Present Perfect Continuous)

Rewrite the following sentences using the Present Perfect Continuous tense.

1. She monitors her heart rate for an hour. (She started an hour ago and is still doing it.)
2. They train for the marathon all year. (They started training at the beginning of the year and are still training.)
3. I study sports science since college. (I started studying in college and am still doing so, maybe through a master’s or research.)
4. The company develops new wearable technology for a decade. (Development began ten years ago and continues.)

Exercise 3: Choose the Correct Phrasal Verb

Select the correct phrasal verb to complete each sentence.

1. I’m (saving up / giving up) for a new smart bike.
2. Let’s (check out / look up) that new gym with all the high-tech equipment.
3. He felt tired, but decided to (go for / give in) a short walk.
4. It (turns out / makes up) that the sensor was faulty, not my technique.

Exercise 4: Using Conditional Sentences (Type 1)

Complete the following sentences using a Type 1 conditional. Use your own ideas for the second part of the sentence.

1. If my fitness tracker tells me I need more sleep, …
2. If you buy a smart water bottle, …
3. If the weather is good tomorrow, …
4. If Alice gets a wearable, …

English Learning Content: Tokyo Marathon 2025 Highlights

Dialogue

Alice: Bob, did you hear about the Tokyo Marathon 2025?

Bob: Alice, I did! My social media is already buzzing with “I’m training for it!” posts. Like, really?

Alice: Tell me about it. I saw a guy post about his ‘long run’ being 5k. I nearly choked on my coffee.

Bob: Hey, 5k is a start! For *some* people. Me, I’m just looking forward to the epic costumes.

Alice: Ah, the costume runners! They’re definitely a highlight. Remember the guy dressed as a giant sushi roll?

Bob: How could I forget? He was practically rolling himself across the finish line. I bet his soy sauce dipping station was a hit.

Alice: You’d think they’d trip. But no, they power through. What are you actually looking forward to, Bob? The elite runners breaking records?

Bob: Honestly? The drama. Will someone bonk spectacularly? Will there be a surprise underdog winner? It’s like a live-action sports soap opera.

Alice: You’re terrible! But true, the stories are always gripping. I’m excited to see if they introduce any new tech or course changes.

Bob: Oh, definitely. Imagine if they had a giant conveyor belt for the last 5k. Instant personal bests for everyone!

Alice: That defeats the purpose, you couch potato! But a massage station at the 30k mark? Now *that* I could get behind.

Bob: Genius! Or maybe a ramen stand at the halfway point. Fueling up in style.

Alice: You’re just thinking with your stomach, as usual. I’m more curious about the atmosphere. The crowds are always incredible.

Bob: That’s it, Alice! The energy from the spectators is infectious. Even if you’re just watching from your sofa, you feel it.

Alice: Exactly. It’s truly one of the biggest spectacles in Tokyo. Maybe we should go watch it live this time?

Bob: Only if you promise to hold my ramen for me while I cheer. My arms get tired.

Alice: Deal! But you’re buying the ramen.

Current Situation

The Tokyo Marathon is one of the six World Marathon Majors, attracting both elite professional runners and a massive field of enthusiastic amateurs from around the globe. Held annually, typically in early March, it’s renowned for its flat, fast course that winds through some of Tokyo’s most iconic districts, offering breathtaking views and incredible crowd support. For 2025, anticipation is already building for another spectacular event.

Runners vie for coveted spots through a lottery system, and the event is celebrated not just for its athletic prowess but also for the vibrant atmosphere, unique Japanese hospitality, and often, the incredible creativity displayed by costume-clad participants. Highlights usually include record-breaking attempts by top athletes, inspiring stories of perseverance, and the sheer spectacle of thousands of runners painting the city streets with their determination.

Key Phrases

• buzzing with posts: Full of social media updates or messages.
  My feed is buzzing with posts about the new Marvel movie.
• choked on my coffee: To laugh or be surprised so much that you almost cough while drinking. (Used idiomatically for extreme surprise/amusement).
  He told such a ridiculous joke, I nearly choked on my coffee.
• epic costumes: Very impressive, grand, or spectacular outfits.
  The carnival parade was famous for its epic costumes.
• power through: To continue working or doing something difficult until it is finished.
  Despite feeling tired, she decided to power through the last few miles of her run.
• bonk spectacularly: (Slang, especially in endurance sports) To hit “the wall” or suddenly run out of energy in a very noticeable or dramatic way.
  He ran too fast at the start and was worried he might bonk spectacularly before the finish line.
• underdog winner: A person or team that is not expected to win but does.
  No one expected the small team to win, but they became the ultimate underdog winner.
• couch potato: An idle person who spends a lot of time watching television.
  After a long week, all I want to do is be a couch potato and watch movies.
• get behind (an idea/plan): To support or agree with something.
  That’s a fantastic proposal! I can definitely get behind that.
• thinking with your stomach: Making decisions or expressing desires primarily based on hunger or a craving for food.
  You always want to go to a buffet; you’re constantly thinking with your stomach!
• infectious (energy/laughter): (Of a feeling or quality) likely to spread to and affect others.
  Her enthusiasm for the project was infectious, motivating everyone around her.
• spectacle: An event or scene regarded in terms of its visual impact, especially one that is impressive or dramatic.
  The fireworks display was a magnificent spectacle.

Grammar Points

• Phrasal Verbs: These are combinations of a verb and a preposition or adverb (or both), which create a new meaning.
  • Power through: To complete a difficult task.
    Example: She had to power through the intense workout.
  • Get behind (an idea/plan): To support or endorse something.
    Example: The whole team will get behind this new strategy.
• Idiomatic Expressions: Phrases or expressions whose meaning cannot be understood from the ordinary meaning of its words.
  • Choke on your coffee: To react with surprise or laughter while drinking.
    Example: He almost choked on his coffee when he heard the news.
  • Thinking with your stomach: Making decisions based on hunger.
    Example: Stop thinking with your stomach and choose a healthy meal!
  • Couch potato: A person who spends a lot of time watching TV and not doing much exercise.
    Example: After my exams, I’m going to be a total couch potato for a week.
• Future Simple (will): Used for predictions, spontaneous decisions, or promises.
  • Predictions: Will someone bonk spectacularly?
  • Spontaneous Decisions: Don’t worry, I will help you.
  • Promises: I will call you tomorrow.
• Present Continuous for Future Plans: Used for definite plans or arrangements in the near future.
  • We are meeting Alice for dinner at 7 PM tonight. (It’s a definite plan)
  • They are leaving for the airport tomorrow morning. (Arranged travel)

Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

Use the correct key phrase from the list (buzzing with posts, choked on my coffee, power through, couch potato, get behind, thinking with your stomach, infectious, spectacle).

1. My social media is already ___________ about the new concert tickets.
2. She tried to tell a joke, but I almost ___________ when she messed up the punchline.
3. Even though he was tired, he managed to ___________ the last mile of the race.
4. My friend is such a ___________; he never wants to leave the house.
5. That’s a brilliant idea! I can definitely ___________ that plan.
6. You always want to order pizza; you’re always ___________.
7. The energy of the crowd was ___________.
8. The carnival parade was a magnificent ___________.

Exercise 2: Choose the Correct Future Form

Complete the sentences using will or the present continuous (be + -ing) for future actions.

1. I think it ___________ (rain) tomorrow.
2. We ___________ (meet) Alice for dinner at 7 PM tonight. (It’s a definite plan)
3. He’s running so fast, he ___________ (tire out) quickly.
4. “The phone is ringing!” “Don’t worry, I ___________ (answer) it.”
5. What time ___________ (they / leave) for the airport tomorrow morning? (It’s a definite plan)

Exercise 3: Answer the Questions

Based on the dialogue, answer the following questions in complete sentences.

1. What is Bob most looking forward to at the Tokyo Marathon?
2. What kind of runners do Alice and Bob find particularly humorous?
3. What absurd ideas do Bob and Alice have for the marathon course?
4. What does Alice suggest they do for the 2025 marathon?

Answers

Exercise 1 Answers

1. buzzing with posts
2. choked on my coffee
3. power through
4. couch potato
5. get behind
6. thinking with your stomach
7. infectious
8. spectacle

Exercise 2 Answers

1. will rain
2. are meeting
3. will tire out
4. will answer
5. are they leaving

Exercise 3 Answers

1. Bob is most looking forward to the drama and epic costumes, like people bonking spectacularly or a surprise underdog winner.
2. Alice and Bob find the costume runners particularly humorous.
3. Bob suggests a giant conveyor belt for the last 5k and a ramen stand at the halfway point. Alice suggests a massage station at the 30k mark.
4. Alice suggests they go watch the 2025 marathon live this time.

English Learning Content: Rugby World Cup 2027 Build-Up

Dialogue

Alice and Bob, friends, are discussing the upcoming Rugby World Cup.

Alice: Bob, you will not believe what I just read!

Bob: Alice, what’s got you all revved up this early? Did you find a discount on those fancy rugby shirts again?

Alice: Better! The Rugby World Cup 2027 build-up is officially kicking into high gear! Australia’s going all out!

Bob: Oh, right, 2027. So, more talk about new stadiums and… did they finally decide if the Wallabies will try to win this time?

Alice: Hey! Optimism, Bob! They’re investing in grassroots rugby, improving facilities, and rumour has it they’re even considering a giant, inflatable rugby ball as a national monument!

Bob: A giant inflatable rugby ball? Alice, are you sure you didn’t accidentally read a children’s book on stadium architecture?

Alice: It was a very reliable source! Probably. Anyway, the excitement is palpable. Teams are already looking for their secret weapons. I heard one coach is making his players train exclusively on sandy beaches to improve agility.

Bob: Sandy beaches? My secret weapon for 2027 will be a comfy sofa and a giant bag of crisps. Much less sand in my socks.

Alice: That’s why you’re a spectator, not a prop forward! But seriously, imagine the atmosphere! The host nation always puts on such a show.

Bob: True. And the rivalries will be legendary. I’m already picturing a final between, say, New Zealand and… a team of very determined kangaroos.

Alice: Hilarious. But speaking of teams, who do you think will be the dark horse this time? Every RWC has one!

Bob: Hmm, the dark horse. Maybe Italy? If they can just figure out how to perfectly execute a “pizza pass” during a scrum.

Alice: Bob, there’s no such thing as a “pizza pass”! You’re making that up!

Bob: Is there not? Well, there should be! Think of the strategic advantage! Anyway, I’m actually looking forward to the build-up. It’s like a four-year-long countdown party.

Alice: Exactly! Now, about those new shirts… I saw a limited edition design. You in?

Current Situation

The Rugby World Cup 2027 is set to take place in Australia, marking the country’s third time hosting the prestigious tournament. The “build-up” phase involves extensive preparations across multiple fronts. This includes significant infrastructure developments, such as stadium upgrades and transport improvements, to ensure world-class facilities for teams and fans. On the sporting side, national teams are already strategizing, developing player pipelines, and engaging in test matches to fine-tune their squads. There’s a strong focus on grassroots rugby development in Australia, aiming to capitalize on the home advantage and inspire a new generation of players. Fan engagement initiatives and marketing campaigns are also ramping up, creating anticipation for what promises to be a thrilling global event.

Key Phrases

• Build-up: The period of preparation and anticipation leading up to a major event.
  • Example: The build-up to the Rugby World Cup 2027 is already creating a buzz among fans.
• Kicking into high gear: To start happening at a much faster or more intense rate.
  • Example: With two years to go, preparations for the tournament are really kicking into high gear.
• Host nation: The country chosen to hold a large event, such as an Olympic Games or a World Cup.
  • Example: As the host nation, Australia will have the advantage of playing on home soil.
• Grassroots rugby: Rugby played by ordinary people, rather than by professional players.
  • Example: Investing in grassroots rugby is crucial for developing future talent.
• Palpable: (Of a feeling or atmosphere) so intense as to be almost touched or felt.
  • Example: The excitement for the opening ceremony was almost palpable.
• Secret weapon: A strategy, skill, or person whose existence or effectiveness is unknown to others, giving an advantage.
  • Example: Many teams hope to discover a secret weapon player before the tournament.
• Prop forward: A position in rugby union, one of the eight players in the scrum.
  • Example: Being a prop forward requires immense strength and technique.
• Dark horse: A competitor or candidate about whom little is known but who unexpectedly wins or succeeds.
  • Example: Some analysts believe Argentina could be the dark horse of the 2027 World Cup.
• Scrum: A way of restarting play in rugby where opposing forwards interlock in three rows and push against each other.
  • Example: The referee blew the whistle for a scrum after the knock-on.

Grammar Points

1. Future Tense (Simple Future & “Be Going To”)

Used to talk about actions or states that will happen in the future.

• Simple Future (will + base verb): Often used for predictions, spontaneous decisions, or promises.
  • Example (Prediction): “Australia will host the Rugby World Cup in 2027.”
  • Example (Spontaneous decision): “I will watch every single match!”
• “Be Going To” (am/is/are + going to + base verb): Used for plans or intentions that have already been made, or for predictions based on current evidence.
  • Example (Planned action): “They are going to build new training facilities.”
  • Example (Prediction based on evidence): “The team is going to win if they keep playing like this.”

2. Present Perfect Continuous (Has/Have been + -ing verb)

Used to talk about actions that started in the past and are still continuing up to the present moment, often emphasizing the duration.

• Example: “Teams have been preparing for this tournament for months.” (Preparation started in the past and is still ongoing)
• Example: “The organizers have been planning the event meticulously.” (Planning started and continues)

3. Modal Verbs for Possibility/Speculation (Could, Might)

Used to express that something is possible but not certain.

• Could: Suggests a general possibility.
  • Example: “Italy could be a dark horse in the tournament.” (It’s possible)
• Might: Suggests a slightly weaker or more uncertain possibility.
  • Example: “They might introduce new rules for player safety.” (It’s a possibility, but not definite)

Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks with Future Tense (will / be going to)

1. The organizers ____________ (finish) the stadium improvements by next year. (plan)
2. I think the final match ____________ (be) incredibly exciting. (prediction)
3. Organizers ____________ (launch) a new marketing campaign soon. (plan)
4. Don’t worry, I ____________ (record) the game for you if you miss it. (promise)
5. Look at those players! They ____________ (win) this scrum easily. (evidence)

Answers:

1. are going to finish
2. will be
3. are going to launch
4. will record
5. are going to win

Exercise 2: Use Present Perfect Continuous

Rewrite the following sentences using the Present Perfect Continuous tense.

1. (The teams / train) hard for the World Cup since last year.
2. (The government / invest) heavily in sports infrastructure for the past three years.
3. (Fans / talk) about the potential winners non-stop.
4. (The committee / work) on the opening ceremony plans for months.

Answers:

1. The teams have been training hard for the World Cup since last year.
2. The government has been investing heavily in sports infrastructure for the past three years.
3. Fans have been talking about the potential winners non-stop.
4. The committee has been working on the opening ceremony plans for months.

Exercise 3: Choose the Correct Modal Verb (could / might)

1. If they play well, they ____________ make it to the semi-finals. (possibility)
2. I heard a rumor that they ____________ announce the full schedule next month. (weaker possibility)
3. It’s very cold, so the players ____________ struggle with the conditions. (possibility)
4. Argentina ____________ be a strong contender, but it’s too early to say for sure. (general possibility)

Answers:

1. could
2. might
3. might
4. could

English Learning: eSports in the Global Arena

Dialogue

Bob: Alice, you won’t believe what I just read about ‘The International’ prize pool!

Alice: ‘The International’? Is that like the Olympics, but for… finger dexterity?

Bob: Haha, close! It’s the biggest Dota 2 tournament, and this year, the prize pool hit like $40 million. Forty! Million! Dollars!

Alice: Wait, people earn that much from playing video games? My mom always told me gaming was a waste of time!

Bob: Tell her the esports arena is the new corporate boardroom! These pros train like Olympic athletes. Their reaction times are insane.

Alice: So, they’re basically rockstar nerds? Are there stadiums full of screaming fans for this?

Bob: Absolutely! Packed arenas, massive screens, commentators, dazzling light shows. It’s a full-blown spectacle. A global phenomenon doesn’t even begin to cover it.

Alice: Wow, I thought it was just people yelling into headsets in their basements. Is it truly global?

Bob: Totally global! Teams from Korea, Europe, China, North America… The competitive gaming scene is worldwide. There are even pro gaming leagues with regular seasons.

Alice: So, which games are the big ones? Is it all shooting games, or are there strategy ones too?

Bob: Oh, it’s a huge variety of titles. Dota 2, League of Legends, CS:GO, Valorant, Overwatch, even fighting games like Street Fighter. Strategy, shooters, MOBAs – you name it.

Alice: I tried League of Legends once. My kill-death ratio was so bad, I think I actually owed the enemy team kills.

Bob: Haha, it takes practice! But seriously, esports viewership rivals traditional sports now. Brands are pouring money into it.

Alice: So, if I start practicing my Mario Kart skills now, do you think I could be a millionaire by next year? Or maybe just a competitive amateur?

Bob: Dream big, Alice! But maybe start with a less chaotic game first. The path to pro is long, but who knows? We could be watching *you* in a global arena someday!

Current Situation

eSports, or electronic sports, refers to organized competitive video gaming. What was once a niche hobby has exploded into a multi-billion dollar industry and a significant part of global entertainment. Professional players compete individually or in teams for massive prize pools, often in front of live audiences filling dedicated esports arenas and millions more watching online via streaming platforms like Twitch and YouTube.

The competitive gaming scene features a variety of titles, from Multiplayer Online Battle Arenas (MOBAs) like League of Legends and Dota 2, to First-Person Shooters (FPS) such as CS:GO and Valorant, and fighting games. Major events like ‘The International’ (Dota 2) and the League of Legends World Championship attract esports viewership numbers comparable to traditional sporting events. This global phenomenon has led to the establishment of pro gaming leagues, sponsorships from major brands, and a structured path to pro for aspiring gamers worldwide. It’s truly a global arena where skill, strategy, and rapid reflexes are celebrated.

Key Phrases

• The ‘International’: A specific, highly prestigious Dota 2 tournament known for its massive prize pools.

  Example: “Every year, The ‘International’ brings together the best Dota 2 teams from around the world.”

• Esports arena: A specialized venue or stadium designed for hosting competitive video game events, often equipped with large screens and advanced technology.

  Example: “The new esports arena in Seoul can seat over 10,000 fans.”

• Global phenomenon: Something that is popular or recognized across the entire world.

  Example: “The rise of K-Pop is a true global phenomenon.”

• Competitive gaming scene: The overall environment, community, and structure surrounding professional and amateur competitive video gaming.

  Example: “The local competitive gaming scene is growing, with more tournaments being organized.”

• Pro gaming leagues: Organized series of matches or tournaments for professional gamers, often with regular seasons and playoffs.

  Example: “Many former amateur players now play full-time in various pro gaming leagues.”

• Variety of titles: A wide range of different video games available or played competitively.

  Example: “The festival featured a variety of titles, from classic arcade games to modern VR experiences.”

• Kill-death ratio (K/D ratio): A common metric in video games, especially shooters, indicating the number of kills a player has compared to the number of times they have been killed.

  Example: “His impressive kill-death ratio showed he was a skilled player, even in a new game.”

• Esports viewership: The total number of people who watch esports events, either live in person or through streaming platforms.

  Example: “Online esports viewership has surpassed traditional sports for certain demographics.”

• Competitive amateur: Someone who plays a game seriously and aims to improve and compete, but is not a professional player.

  Example: “She’s a very good competitive amateur, often placing high in local tournaments.”

• Path to pro: The journey or stages an aspiring gamer goes through to become a professional esports player.

  Example: “The organization offers mentorship programs to help young talents navigate the challenging path to pro.”

• Global arena: A metaphorical term referring to the worldwide stage or platform for competition or display.

  Example: “Winning a medal at the Olympics truly puts an athlete in the global arena.”

Grammar Points

1. The Present Simple for Facts and General Truths

The Present Simple tense is frequently used when discussing eSports (or any topic) to state facts, describe habits, or express general truths that are always true or true for a long period.

• Structure: Subject + Verb (base form or verb + -s/-es for third person singular)
• Examples from the dialogue and current situation:
  • “It is the biggest Dota 2 tournament.” (Fact)
  • “These pros train like Olympic athletes.” (General truth/habit)
  • “The competitive gaming scene is worldwide.” (Fact)
  • “eSports features a variety of titles.” (Fact)
• Why it’s useful here: It allows us to clearly state established facts and characteristics of the eSports world without implying a temporary action.

2. Comparatives and Superlatives for Comparisons

We use comparatives and superlatives to compare two or more things, often to express opinions or highlight differences.

• Comparatives (comparing two things):
  • Structure: Adjective/Adverb + -er (for short words) OR More + Adjective/Adverb (for longer words). Followed by “than”.
  • Examples:
    • “…maybe start with a less chaotic game first.” (Comparing one game type to another)
    • “Esports is becoming more popular than some traditional sports among younger audiences.” (Comparing esports popularity to traditional sports)
• Superlatives (comparing three or more things, or the ultimate degree):
  • Structure: The + Adjective/Adverb + -est (for short words) OR The most + Adjective/Adverb (for longer words).
  • Examples:
    • “It’s the biggest Dota 2 tournament…” (Comparing to all other Dota 2 tournaments)
    • “Dota 2 has the largest prize pool in esports.” (Comparing to all other esports games)
• Why it’s useful here: To emphasize the scale and impact of eSports by comparing it to other phenomena or within the gaming world.

3. Idioms and Figurative Language

Idioms are phrases where the meaning isn’t obvious from the individual words. Figurative language uses words in a non-literal way to create a vivid image or convey a specific feeling. They add color and humor to conversations.

• Examples from the dialogue:
  • “Waste of time“: An activity that doesn’t produce anything useful or worthwhile.

    Example: “My mom always told me gaming was a waste of time!”

  • “Rockstar nerds“: A humorous, informal phrase to describe incredibly skilled and celebrated individuals in a typically ‘nerdy’ field (like gaming), who achieve fame similar to rock stars.

    Example: “So, they’re basically rockstar nerds?”

  • “Doesn’t even begin to cover it“: An expression meaning that a description or statement is insufficient to fully convey the scale or importance of something.

    Example: “A ‘global phenomenon’ doesn’t even begin to cover it.”

  • “You name it“: An expression used to say that you can include many other similar things in a list, often implying a wide variety.

    Example: “Strategy, shooters, MOBAs – you name it.”

  • “Dream big“: An encouragement to have ambitious goals.

    Example: “Dream big, Alice! You never know what you can achieve.”

• Why it’s useful here: These expressions make the dialogue more natural, humorous, and relatable, reflecting how native speakers often communicate.

Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Vocabulary Match

Match the key phrases with their correct definitions.

1. The ‘International’
2. Global phenomenon
3. Esports viewership
4. Path to pro
5. Kill-death ratio (K/D ratio)

Definitions:

a. The total number of people who watch esports events.

b. A highly prestigious Dota 2 tournament.

c. The journey an aspiring gamer takes to become a professional.

d. A common metric in games indicating kills vs. deaths.

e. Something popular and recognized worldwide.

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks

Complete the sentences using the appropriate key phrases from the list below. (Use each phrase once)

• competitive gaming scene
• variety of titles
• esports arena
• pro gaming leagues
• competitive amateur

1. The new _________ was filled to capacity for the grand finals.
2. She’s a very dedicated _________, always practicing and studying strategies.
3. There’s a growing interest in the _________, with new teams forming every month.
4. Major organizations are investing heavily in _________ across different regions.
5. The tournament showcases a _________, appealing to fans of many game genres.

Exercise 3: Sentence Transformation (Comparatives & Superlatives)

Rewrite the following sentences using a comparative or superlative adjective, as indicated.

1. No other game has a prize pool as large as The ‘International’. (Use: largest)

   The ‘International’ has the _______________________ prize pool.

2. Some traditional sports are not as popular as esports among young people. (Use: more popular)

   Esports is _______________________ than some traditional sports among young people.

3. Playing a calm strategy game is better than a fast-paced shooter when you’re starting. (Use: less chaotic)

   It’s better to start with a _______________________ game than a fast-paced shooter.

Exercise 4: Comprehension & Discussion

Answer the following questions based on the dialogue and your understanding of the topic. (No single “right” answer for discussion questions; focus on using learned vocabulary and grammar.)

1. According to Bob, why is gaming no longer just a “waste of time”?
2. What aspects of a live esports event make it a “full-blown spectacle” for Bob?
3. Do you think esports will ever fully surpass traditional sports in popularity? Why or why not?
4. If you were to try to become a “competitive amateur,” which type of game would you choose and why?

English Learning: Rise of Women’s Professional Soccer

English Learning: FIFA World Cup 2026 Preparations

Dialogue

Current Situation

Key Phrases

Grammar Points

Practice Exercises

English Learning: Paris 2024 Olympics Legacy

Dialogue

Alice: Hey Bob, have you been following all the buzz about the Paris Olympics?

Bob: Alice! Of course! My social media feed is basically 90% croissant emojis and 10% athletic prowess.

Alice: Right? But beyond the fancy opening ceremony and the medals, I’m actually curious about the ‘legacy’ stuff.

Bob: Legacy? You mean like, are we all suddenly going to start wearing berets and saying ‘Ooh la la’ after it’s over?

Alice: Haha, not quite. More like the environmental improvements, new infrastructure, social benefits, that sort of thing.

Bob: Ah, the serious stuff. Well, I did read something about the Seine. They’re supposedly making it swimmable again, aren’t they?

Alice: Exactly! Imagine, swimming in the Seine! That feels like something straight out of a really old movie, or a very brave tourist’s bucket list.

Bob: And they’re actually going to use it for Olympic events, right? Triathlon and open water swimming. Talk about a glow-up for a river!

Alice: Totally! It’s supposed to be much cleaner. They’ve invested a *lot* in purification systems. Hopefully, it lasts beyond the games.

Bob: True. I’d be less keen on a ‘legacy’ of just sparkling water for a month and then back to… whatever was in it before.

Alice: And what about the urban regeneration? I heard they built a whole new aquatic centre and the Olympic Village is going to be converted into housing.

Bob: Yep, affordable housing, apparently. That’s a pretty tangible benefit, beats having empty stadiums gathering dust.

Alice: Definitely. Though I imagine the residents will get some pretty intense flashbacks every four years when the torch relay passes by.

Bob: Imagine trying to explain to your kids, ‘Yes, darling, mommy used to train for the decathlon right where our kitchen is now.’ Olympic glory in your living room!

Alice: Well, let’s hope the legacy is truly sparkling and sustainable, not just a fleeting splash. Cheers to cleaner water and affordable homes, Bob!

Bob: Hear, hear, Alice! Now, where’s my baguette? All this talk of Paris has made me hungry.

Current Situation

The Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games aim to leave a significant and positive legacy for the city and its inhabitants, extending far beyond the athletic competitions. A central focus is environmental sustainability, with ambitious efforts to make these the “greenest” games yet.

One of the most ambitious projects is the revitalization of the River Seine, making parts of it swimmable for the first time in over a century. This involves substantial investment in water purification infrastructure, with the goal of improving public health and providing new recreational spaces. Several Olympic events, like triathlon and open water swimming, are planned to take place directly in the Seine, symbolizing this transformation.

Urban regeneration is another key pillar. The Olympic Village in Saint-Denis, built with sustainable principles, is designed to be converted into approximately 2,800 homes (including affordable housing) and offices after the Games, addressing local housing needs. New sports facilities, such as the Olympic Aquatic Centre, will also be opened for public use post-Games.

Beyond infrastructure, the legacy also targets social inclusion, promoting sports participation among all age groups and improving accessibility for people with disabilities. While economic benefits are anticipated through tourism and job creation, the long-term goal is to integrate these developments seamlessly into the city’s fabric, ensuring enduring benefits for the community rather than creating ‘white elephants’ (unused, expensive facilities).

Key Phrases

• all the buzz about: A high level of excitement or discussion about something.

  Example: There’s all the buzz about the new movie coming out next month.

• athletic prowess: Great skill or ability in sports.

  Example: Her athletic prowess was evident in her gold medal win.

• legacy stuff: The lasting impact, inheritance, or long-term benefits of an event or project.

  Example: We need to think about the legacy stuff after the charity project finishes.

• a glow-up: A significant improvement in appearance, quality, or condition. (Often used informally).

  Example: The old park got a glow-up and now looks fantastic with all the new plants.

• tangible benefit: A real, touchable, or concrete advantage that can be clearly seen or measured.

  Example: Affordable housing is a tangible benefit for the local community.

• gathering dust: Not being used, neglected, or left idle for a long time.

  Example: My old bicycle has been gathering dust in the garage for years.

• a fleeting splash: A temporary or brief impact that doesn’t last long.

  Example: We hope the advertising campaign isn’t just a fleeting splash but brings lasting change.

• Hear, hear!: An exclamation used to express agreement with what someone has just said.

  Example: “We should all work together to achieve this goal!” – “Hear, hear!“

Grammar Points

Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb (Present Perfect Continuous).

1. She __________ (study) for her exams all week.
2. They __________ (work) on the new project since January.
3. How long __________ you __________ (wait) for the bus?

Exercise 2: Choose the correct future tense (will/going to).

1. I think it __________ (rain) tomorrow. (prediction based on opinion)
2. We __________ (visit) Paris next summer. We already bought the tickets! (plan)
3. Oh, I left the door open! I __________ (close) it right now. (spontaneous decision)

Exercise 3: Complete the conditional sentences (Type 1).

1. If the weather __________ (be) good, we __________ (go) for a picnic.
2. If you __________ (study) hard, you __________ (pass) the exam.
3. If they __________ (clean) the river, more people __________ (use) it for recreation.

Exercise 4: Match the key phrase to its meaning.

1. all the buzz about
2. athletic prowess
3. a glow-up
4. gathering dust
5. tangible benefit

1. ____: Not being used, neglected.
2. ____: A significant improvement.
3. ____: A lot of excitement/discussion.
4. ____: Great skill in sports.
5. ____: A real, concrete advantage.

English Learning: NFL 2025 Preseason Narratives

Dialogue

Alice: Hey, Bob, you look like you just discovered a new flavor of chips, or maybe found a twenty in an old jacket. What’s got you so animated?

Bob: Alice! Oh man, you wouldn’t believe it! I was just reading about the early 2025 NFL preseason narratives, and my head is spinning!

Alice: Preseason narratives? Already? It’s barely past last season! What’s got you so worked up?

Bob: Well, for starters, Rookie QB Chad Thunderfoot is already being crowned MVP by some analysts! Can you believe the hype?

Alice: Chad Thunderfoot? Sounds like a character from a cartoon. Are we sure he can throw a spiral, not just a lightning bolt? And “crowned MVP” before he’s even played a snap?

Bob: Exactly! And then there’s the “Team X is finally breaking through” narrative. This year, it’s the Jacksonville Jaguars. Stronger than ever, apparently!

Alice: Didn’t we hear that for the last five years about Team X, Y, and Z? At this point, “breaking through” means they’ll win two more games than last season and maybe make a wild card push.

Bob: Oh, don’t forget the classic “veteran QB on a revenge tour” storyline! This time, it’s old man Rivers, back from retirement for one last shot!

Alice: Philip Rivers? From retirement? That’s more of a “mobility scooter tour.” And which veteran QB *isn’t* on a revenge tour these days? They all have something to prove, usually to their last team’s coaching staff.

Bob: And the “coach on the hot seat” stories are already popping up! Apparently, Coach Grimshaw just breathed too heavily during a press conference, and now he’s on the chopping block.

Alice: Poor Grimshaw. Probably just needs a cough drop. But seriously, the offseason hype is always wild. It’s almost more entertaining than the actual games sometimes.

Bob: It IS the best part! Pure speculation, zero consequences! I’m already drafting my fantasy team based on these narratives!

Alice: You’re going to draft a fantasy team based on rumors about a guy named Chad Thunderfoot and Philip Rivers’ “mobility scooter tour”? Good luck with that, Bob.

Bob: It’s not just rumors, Alice, it’s *narratives*! They have gravitas! It’s destiny!

Alice: Destiny usually involves actual touchdowns, not just media soundbites. But I’ll admit, it’s fun to imagine the possibilities.

Bob: Exactly! So, come on, who’s your pick for the “surprise contender” narrative this year?

Alice: Hmm, probably the team that actually invests in a decent offensive line, instead of just drafting another speedy receiver. Practicality over prophecy, I guess.

Bob: You’re no fun! But I guess you have a point. See you in September, when Chad Thunderfoot proves me right!

Alice: We’ll see, Bob. We’ll see.

Current Situation

In the world of the National Football League (NFL), the “preseason narratives” are the storylines, predictions, and speculative discussions that dominate media and fan conversations long before the actual regular season begins. Even in the offseason (the period between one season and the next), the NFL generates immense interest. These narratives are crucial for maintaining fan engagement, driving media content, and shaping public perception of teams and players.

Common themes for 2025 preseason narratives might include: intense hype around a high-drafted rookie quarterback (e.g., “the savior of the franchise”); a veteran player attempting a “comeback” or “revenge tour” after a challenging season or move to a new team; a historically underperforming team being touted as a “dark horse” or “surprise contender” finally ready to “break through”; coaches or general managers “on the hot seat” with high expectations; and analyses of significant free agent signings or trades. These narratives, while often entertaining and exciting, are largely speculative. Fans and media eagerly embrace them, but the reality of the demanding NFL regular season often proves to be quite different from the offseason hype.

Key Phrases

• My head is spinning: Feeling overwhelmed, confused, or very excited by a lot of information or activity. Example: After reading all the trade rumors, my head is spinning.
• Preseason narratives: The speculative stories, predictions, and discussions about teams and players before the regular sports season starts. Example: The sports channels are full of preseason narratives about which rookie will shine.
• Being crowned MVP: To be widely predicted or declared as the Most Valuable Player, often prematurely or based on hype. Example: Despite having no pro experience, the young player is already being crowned MVP by some fans.
• Break through: To achieve significant success or overcome a barrier after a period of struggle or mediocrity. Example: Many hope their favorite team will finally break through and win a championship.
• Revenge tour: A season where a player or team aims to prove critics wrong or defeat former teams/rivals. Example: After being traded, the quarterback promised a revenge tour against his old team.
• On the hot seat: In a precarious or risky position, especially when one’s job or future is in jeopardy. Example: After three losing seasons, the coach is definitely on the hot seat.
• Offseason hype: The intense excitement, speculation, and media coverage generated during the period between sports seasons. Example: The offseason hype around the new draft picks was tremendous.
• Drafting my fantasy team: The process of selecting players for a fantasy sports team (a game where participants build virtual teams of real players). Example: I spent all night drafting my fantasy team for the upcoming season.
• Have gravitas: To possess seriousness, importance, or dignity (often used humorously for exaggerated importance). Example: He claimed his conspiracy theories had gravitas, but no one believed him.
• Cynic: A person who believes that people are motivated purely by self-interest; someone who is skeptical and critical. Example: My friend is such a cynic; he never believes good news.
• Surprise contender: A team or player that unexpectedly performs well and competes for a championship or top position. Example: Last year, the small-market team was a surprise contender for the playoffs.
• Invests in: Allocates resources (money, time, effort) into something with the expectation of a future benefit. Example: A smart team invests in its offensive line.

Grammar Points

• Using “What’s got you…?” for asking about reasons/emotions: This idiomatic phrase is a common and natural way to ask someone why they are feeling or acting a certain way. It’s an informal way of asking “What has caused you to feel/behave like this?” Example: “What’s got you so animated?” (Why are you so lively?)
  Example: “What’s got her so quiet today?” (Why is she so quiet?)
• Phrasal Verbs for dynamic discussion: Phrasal verbs combine a verb with a preposition or adverb (or both), creating a new meaning. They are very common in spoken English.
  • Break through: To overcome a barrier or achieve success. Example: The team is hoping to *break through* this season and make the playoffs.
  • Pop up: To appear suddenly or unexpectedly. Example: New rumors about player trades *pop up* every day during the offseason.
  • On the hot seat: An idiom meaning in a precarious position, usually about job security. Example: The coach is *on the hot seat* after losing so many games.
• Contractions for natural speech: Contractions (e.g., “what’s” instead of “what is,” “you wouldn’t” instead of “you would not”) are essential for sounding natural in conversational English. They reflect the relaxed pronunciation used by native speakers. Example: “You wouldn’t believe it!” (More natural than “You would not believe it.”)
  Example: “It’s the best part!” (More natural than “It is the best part!”)

Practice Exercises

1. Fill in the Blanks: Complete the sentences using the most appropriate key phrase from the list provided (my head is spinning, preseason narratives, on the hot seat, break through, revenge tour, offseason hype).

   a. After hearing all the news about the new coach and players, __________!

   b. The media loves to create exciting __________ even before training camp starts.

   c. Many people expect the new player to lead his team to __________ and win the championship this year.

   d. The manager is __________ after failing to meet sales targets for two quarters in a row.

   e. The star player announced he’s on a __________ after being dropped from his former team.

   f. There’s so much __________ around the upcoming movie; everyone is talking about it.

2. True or False: Based on the dialogue, decide if the following statements are True or False.

   a. Bob is generally skeptical about the NFL’s preseason narratives. (True/False)

   b. Alice believes “Chad Thunderfoot” is a real, experienced NFL quarterback. (True/False)

   c. Bob thinks “preseason hype” is the best part of the NFL season. (True/False)

   d. Alice’s suggestion for a “surprise contender” focuses on practical team building. (True/False)

3. Sentence Rephrasing: Rewrite the following sentences using the specified grammar point or phrasal verb/idiom, making sure the meaning remains similar.

   a. What is making you feel so happy today? (Use “What’s got you…”)

   b. The coach is in a risky position regarding his job. (Use “on the hot seat”)

   c. New interesting stories about the league often appear suddenly. (Use “pop up”)

4. Answer the Questions:

   a. What is Bob’s general attitude towards NFL preseason narratives?

   b. What makes Alice doubt the “Chad Thunderfoot” narrative?

   c. What kind of team does Alice think would be a “surprise contender,” and why?

Answers

English Learning: MLB Geographical Realignment Proposal

Dialogue

Current Situation

The concept of “MLB Geographical Realignment” often appears in sports discussions and journalism as a theoretical exercise rather than an imminent official plan from Major League Baseball. The current MLB structure comprises two leagues (American League and National League), each divided into three divisions (East, Central, West). Proposals for realignment typically aim to address perceived issues such as:

• Travel Costs and Player Fatigue: Teams frequently fly across the country for regular season games, leading to significant expenses and potential player exhaustion. A more geographically logical alignment could alleviate this burden.
• Rivalry Creation: Realigning divisions could foster new, intense rivalries based on proximity, potentially boosting fan engagement and local interest.
• Competitive Balance: Some arguments suggest that current divisions might be too strong or too weak, and realignment could lead to more balanced competition across the league.
• Market Expansion/Contraction: Should new teams join or existing teams relocate (like the Oakland A’s situation), realignment might become necessary to integrate them effectively into the league structure.

However, any such proposal faces substantial resistance from fans and teams alike due to the deep historical rivalries, traditions, and established travel patterns that are fundamental to baseball. Altering the current structure is often seen by many as sacrilege, especially for iconic matchups like Yankees-Red Sox or Cubs-Cardinals, making actual implementation highly unlikely without significant compromises.

Key Phrases

• scrambled eggs (brain): Feeling confused, muddled, or unable to think clearly.
  Example: After reading that complex article, my brain felt like scrambled eggs.
• wild card (idea/factor): An unpredictable or unconventional idea, person, or factor that could have an unexpected effect.
  Example: His suggestion to open a store in Antarctica was a real wild card idea.
• cooked that up: To invent or devise (often implies something clever, mischievous, or unusual, like a plan or an excuse).
  Example: Who cooked that up? It sounds like a plan straight out of a movie.
• sacrilege: An act of treating something sacred or highly revered without due respect; a profound disrespect for established traditions.
  Example: For many fans, changing the team’s historic colors would be absolute sacrilege.
• logistical nightmare: An extremely difficult or complicated situation regarding organization, planning, and coordination.
  Example: Organizing the cross-country move of all our office equipment was a logistical nightmare.
• shake things up: To cause major or significant changes to a situation, organization, or established routine.
  Example: The new CEO decided to shake things up by completely reorganizing the company structure.
• food for thought: Something worth thinking seriously about; an idea or suggestion that prompts careful consideration.
  Example: Her critique of my essay provided some interesting food for thought.
• die-hard fan: A very loyal, dedicated, and enthusiastic supporter of a team, person, or group.
  Example: He’s a die-hard fan; he hasn’t missed a home game in twenty years.
• get on board with: To agree with or support a plan, idea, or decision, and become part of it.
  Example: It took a lot of convincing, but eventually, everyone got on board with the new project plan.
• throw a wrench in the works: To do something that creates a problem and prevents a plan or process from succeeding or going smoothly.
  Example: Just when the project was going smoothly, unexpected budget cuts threw a wrench in the works.

Grammar Points

• Modal Verbs for Speculation and Possibility (might, could, would, should)

  These verbs are crucial for discussing hypothetical situations, proposals, and uncertain outcomes. They express different degrees of possibility, prediction, or recommendation, especially when talking about future or unreal events.

  • Might/Could: Expresses possibility or a less certain outcome.
    Example: They might propose a new division structure. (It’s possible they will)
    Example: This realignment could lead to new rivalries. (It’s a possible outcome)
  • Would: Used in conditional sentences to talk about hypothetical results that are not real or unlikely to happen.
    Example: If they did that, fans would be furious. (The result if the hypothetical condition were met)
  • Should: Expresses recommendation, advice, or what is likely/expected.
    Example: They should consider fan reactions before implementing such a change. (It’s advisable)
• Conditional Sentences (Type 2: Unreal Present/Future)

  This type of conditional sentence is used to talk about hypothetical or imaginary situations in the present or future that are unlikely or impossible to happen, and their improbable or impossible results. The structure is If + simple past, would + base verb.

  • Example: If the Red Sox weren’t playing the Yankees, my grandfather would rise from his grave. (The reality is, the Red Sox *are* playing the Yankees, so this is an unreal situation).
  • Example: If they moved the team, fans would protest immediately. (They haven’t moved the team, so this is a hypothetical scenario).
• Phrasal Verbs and Idioms in Context

  The dialogue effectively uses phrasal verbs and idioms, which are essential for sounding natural in English. Understanding them in their specific contexts is key to comprehending everyday conversations.

  • “cook up” (phrasal verb): To invent or plan something, often quickly or secretively.
  • “get on board with” (idiom): To agree with or support a plan or idea.
  • “throw a wrench in the works” (idiom): To cause a problem that prevents a plan or process from continuing smoothly.

Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

Complete the sentences with the most appropriate key phrase from the list provided (scrambled eggs, wild card idea, cooked that up, sacrilege, logistical nightmare, shake things up, food for thought, die-hard fan, get on board with, throw a wrench in the works).

1. The company’s unexpected bankruptcy really _________ our expansion plans just as we were about to launch.
2. His suggestion of converting the old factory into an indoor ski slope was a bit of a _________ , but intriguing.
3. Trying to solve that extremely complex puzzle made my brain feel like _________ by the end of the day.
4. For a _________ of the local football team, missing even one game, home or away, is unthinkable.
5. The new manager decided to _________ by completely reorganizing the department’s workflow.
6. Moving the national art gallery to a different city would be considered _________ by many art enthusiasts.

Exercise 2: Sentence Transformation (Conditional Type 2)

Rewrite the following sentences using a Type 2 Conditional structure (If + simple past, would + base verb) to express hypothetical situations.

1. (Fact: She doesn’t have a car, so she can’t drive to work.)
   If she _________ a car, she _________ to work.
2. (Fact: He is not rich, so he doesn’t travel the world.)
   If he _________ rich, he _________ the world.
3. (Fact: It isn’t raining, so we are going for a picnic.)
   If it _________ , we _________ for a picnic.

Exercise 3: Match the Phrase to its Meaning

Match the key phrase on the left with its closest meaning on the right.

1. 1. Sacrilege a. To agree or support an idea
2. 2. Logistical nightmare b. Something worth thinking about seriously
3. 3. Get on board with c. An act of profound disrespect for something sacred or traditional
4. 4. Food for thought d. An extremely difficult situation to organize or manage