English Learning: Winter Olympics 2026 Preparation

Dialogue

Current Situation

The XXV Winter Olympics, officially known as Milano Cortina 2026, are scheduled to take place from February 6 to February 22, 2026, across the Italian cities of Milan and Cortina d’Ampezzo. Preparations are in full swing, with significant infrastructure projects underway for new and renovated venues. A strong emphasis is being placed on sustainability, aiming to host a Games that minimizes environmental impact and leaves a lasting positive legacy for the regions involved. While progress is being made on venue construction and organizational planning, the organizing committee faces challenges, including budget management and ensuring all projects are completed on schedule. The anticipation for the first Winter Games hosted by Italy in 20 years (since Turin 2006) is building, with the official mascots, Tina and Milo, already unveiled.

Key Phrases

• Gear up for (something): To prepare for something; to get ready.

  The athletes are already gearing up for the next Olympics.

• In full swing: At the peak of activity; fully operational.

  Preparations for the festival are in full swing.

• Under construction: Being built or repaired.

  The new stadium is still under construction.

• Sustainability efforts: Actions taken to protect the environment and natural resources.

  The company is praised for its sustainability efforts.

• Anticipation is building: A feeling of excitement about something that is going to happen is increasing.

  The anticipation is building for the movie’s premiere.

• Pull off (something): To succeed in doing something difficult or unexpected.

  We hope they can pull off a spectacular opening ceremony.

• Couch potato: A person who spends a lot of time sitting and watching television.

  After a long week, I just want to be a couch potato all weekend.

• Wouldn’t mind (doing something): To want to do something; to be happy to do something.

  I wouldn’t mind a slice of pizza right now.

Grammar Points

Let’s look at how we talk about future events and ongoing actions related to the Olympics.

1. Future Tense (will / be going to / Present Continuous for Future)

   We use different forms to talk about future events:

   • Will + Base Verb:
     • For predictions, spontaneous decisions, promises, or facts about the future.
     • Example (Prediction): “Do you think they‘ll manage to pull off something…?”
     • Example (Fact): “The event will attract thousands of tourists.”
   • Be going to + Base Verb:
     • For plans or intentions, or predictions based on present evidence.
     • Example (Intention/Plan): “It’s going to be a huge event for Italy.”
     • Example (Evidence): “Look at those dark clouds; it’s going to rain.”
   • Present Continuous for Future:
     • For definite arrangements or scheduled events in the near future.
     • Example: “Milan and Cortina are really gearing up for it.” (The preparation is an ongoing arrangement)
     • Example: “The Olympics are taking place from February 6th to 22nd, 2026.”
2. Present Perfect Continuous (has/have been -ing)

   Used to show that an action started in the past and has continued up to the present moment, often emphasizing the duration of the action.

   • Example: “The organizing committee has been working tirelessly on the venues for months.” (They started in the past and are still working now).
3. Conditional Sentences (Type 1)

   Used to talk about a real or possible situation in the future (if + present simple, will + base verb).

   • Structure: If + [present simple], [will + base form of verb].
   • Example: “I hope they manage to finish everything on time.” (Implied conditional: If they manage to finish on time, it will be great.)
   • Direct Example: “If it snows enough, the ski events will be spectacular.”

Practice Exercises

1. Fill in the Blanks (Key Phrases)

1. The organizing committee is really ___________ the opening ceremony.
2. Many venues are still ___________ and need to be ready by 2026.
3. He’s such a ___________, he never leaves the sofa on weekends.
4. After seeing the trailers, the ___________ for the movie is ___________.

2. Choose the Correct Tense (Grammar – Future Tense)

1. The Olympics (take / will take / are taking) place in February 2026.
2. I think it (is / will be / is being) a fantastic event.
3. They (are going to build / will build / build) a new ice rink for the speed skating. (Based on a plan/intention)
4. We (are watching / will watch / watch) the opening ceremony live. (Spontaneous decision or prediction of an action)

3. Sentence Transformation (Grammar – Conditional Type 1)

Rewrite the following sentences using a Type 1 Conditional structure (If + Present Simple, Will + Base Verb).

1. They might have problems if they don’t complete the venues soon.
2. It will be a success only if many people attend.

English Learning: Growth of College Sports in the U.S.

Dialogue

Current Situation

The landscape of college sports in the U.S. has undergone a dramatic transformation, evolving from purely **amateur athletics** into a multi-billion dollar industry. This growth is primarily fueled by massive broadcasting contracts, increased corporate sponsorships, and unprecedented **fan engagement**. A pivotal change occurred in 2021 with the introduction of Name, Image, and Likeness (**NIL**) policies, allowing college athletes to profit from endorsements, sponsorships, and personal appearances. This has brought significant financial opportunities for athletes, some signing deals worth millions, fundamentally altering the traditional “**student-athlete**” model.

Universities are heavily investing in state-of-the-art facilities, attracting top talent, and generating substantial **revenue**. While this professionalization offers new avenues for athletes and universities, it also sparks debates about the balance between academics and athletics, equitable compensation across different sports, and the long-term impact on the collegiate experience. The growth shows no signs of slowing down, solidifying college sports as a major cultural and economic force in American society.

Key Phrases

• NIL deal (Name, Image, and Likeness deal): An agreement allowing college athletes to earn money by monetizing their personal brand.

  Example: “The star player signed an NIL deal with a major sportswear company.”

• Blew up: To become very popular or successful suddenly and rapidly.

  Example: “The band’s new song blew up on social media overnight.”

• Amateur athletics: Sports where participants are not paid for their performance.

  Example: “For decades, college sports were strictly considered amateur athletics.”

• Minor league: A professional sports league or division that is of a lower status than the major league.

  Example: “Many young baseball players start their careers in the minor league before hoping to reach the majors.”

• Fan engagement: The level of involvement and interaction fans have with a sports team, league, or event.

  Example: “The team uses social media to boost fan engagement during games.”

• Revenue: Income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature.

  Example: “The new stadium is expected to generate significant revenue from ticket sales and concessions.”

• Astronomical: Extremely large or great.

  Example: “The cost of building the new technology was astronomical.”

• Student-athletes: A term used to describe students who also participate in sports at a college or university.

  Example: “Universities emphasize the importance of academic success for their student-athletes.”

• Take a backseat (to something): To become less important or prioritized than something else.

  Example: “After his injury, his studies had to take a backseat to his recovery.”

• Blurry (the lines are getting blurry): When the distinction or difference between two things becomes unclear.

  Example: “With remote work, the lines between professional and personal life are becoming blurry.”

Grammar Points

Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

Exercise 2: Choose the Best Option

Exercise 3: Sentence Transformation

English Learning: Golf and the Saudi Investment Debate

Dialogue

Alice: Hey, Bob! You catch the news about golf lately? It’s been wild!

Bob: Alice! News? Oh, no, don’t tell me my fantasy golf team is being bought out by a sovereign wealth fund too. I just drafted a killer putter!

Alice: Ha, not quite that personal, thankfully! I’m talking about the whole PGA Tour and LIV Golf drama, and the Saudi investment. It’s all over the sports headlines.

Bob: Ah, *that* saga. I thought that was just a really expensive reality TV show about guys in polos getting ridiculously rich. Is it still going on?

Alice: Well, it *is* about money, an incredible amount, but also about the integrity of the sport, and, you know, ‘sportswashing’.

Bob: Sportswashing? Is that when you try to get a grass stain out of your favorite golf shirt with a diamond-encrusted iron? Because I’m pretty sure that just makes a bigger mess.

Alice: (Laughs) Close! It’s more like using a glamorous sport to divert attention from less glamorous human rights records. It’s a PR strategy.

Bob: Gotcha. So, basically, a very fancy PR campaign with putters. But seriously, the amount of money involved is insane. Billions!

Alice: Right? Millions, billions! And remember how some players were so against LIV, calling them ‘traitors’ and saying they’d ruined golf? And now… poof, a merger proposal!

Bob: Ah, the old ‘principles before profit’ until a bigger profit comes along. It’s like my diet plan: totally committed until someone mentions pizza. The hypocrisy is almost impressive.

Alice: Exactly! And fans are so confused. Is it good for golf? Is it just a money grab? Who knows what tournament to watch anymore, or who to root for!

Bob: They should just combine all the tours, make everyone wear matching sparkly jumpsuits, and have a mandatory dance-off after every hole. Now *that’s* entertainment I’d pay for.

Alice: You’re ridiculous! But seriously, the ethics of taking that investment… it’s a big debate. Some people are really torn.

Bob: Yeah, ‘ethics’ and ‘billions of dollars’ rarely play well together in the same sandbox. I just hope they don’t start replacing the golf carts with flying carpets. That would mess with my fantasy team’s aerodynamics.

Alice: You’ve got a point. It’s definitely a complex issue with no easy answers. Maybe I should just stick to mini-golf for now.

Bob: Mini-golf it is! At least there, the biggest ethical dilemma is whether you cheat on the windmill hole. Much simpler.

Current Situation

The world of professional golf has been embroiled in significant controversy over the past few years, primarily due to the emergence of LIV Golf, a new professional golf tour financed by Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund (PIF). Initially, LIV Golf attracted many high-profile players from the established PGA Tour with lucrative contracts, leading to a fierce rivalry and a divided sport.

The PGA Tour criticized LIV Golf for “sportswashing” – using a glamorous sport to improve Saudi Arabia’s international reputation, particularly in light of its human rights record. Players who joined LIV were often ostracized by their former PGA Tour colleagues and faced bans from traditional tournaments.

However, in a surprising turn of events in June 2023, the PGA Tour, DP World Tour, and PIF announced plans for a merger, aiming to create a new commercial entity. This proposed alliance sparked outrage and confusion among many, including players who had remained loyal to the PGA Tour, fans, and politicians, who raised concerns about antitrust implications and the ethical considerations of partnering with the Saudi PIF. The proposed merger is currently under review by various regulatory bodies globally, and the future structure of professional golf remains uncertain, still generating considerable debate and discussion.

Key Phrases

• Catch the news: To hear or see the latest information or reports.
  • Example: Did you catch the news about the latest economic forecast?
• Sovereign wealth fund: A state-owned investment fund composed of money derived from a country’s surplus reserves.
  • Example: Many countries invest their oil revenues into a sovereign wealth fund for future generations.
• Saga: A long story, especially one that involves many incidents and often extends over a period of time.
  • Example: The development of the new city hall has been a long and complicated saga.
• Integrity of the sport: The quality of being honest and having strong moral principles, in the context of sports fairness and rules.
  • Example: The scandal threatened the integrity of the sport, making fans question its fairness.
• Sportswashing: The practice of an authoritarian regime or government using sport to improve its reputation, often to distract from human rights abuses.
  • Example: Critics argue that hosting major international events can sometimes be a form of sportswashing.
• Divert attention from: To draw attention away from something.
  • Example: The magician’s assistant helped to divert attention from the trick he was performing.
• Principles before profit: The idea of prioritizing ethical standards and moral beliefs over financial gain.
  • Example: The company stated that it would always put principles before profit, even if it meant less revenue.
• Money grab: An attempt to make a lot of money quickly, often without much effort or regard for ethics.
  • Example: Some fans felt the new concert ticket prices were just a blatant money grab by the organizers.
• Play well together: (Idiomatic) To coexist or combine effectively without conflict.
  • Example: Those two colors don’t really play well together; they clash too much. (Often used metaphorically for concepts or people)
• You’ve got a point: An expression used to acknowledge that someone has made a valid argument.
  • Example: “Maybe we should leave early to avoid traffic.” “You’ve got a point, the roads will be busy later.”

Grammar Points

1. Modal Verbs for Speculation and Obligation

Modal verbs like should, might, could, and must are used to express varying degrees of certainty, possibility, or necessity.

• Should: Indicates advice, recommendation, or what is expected/proper.
  • Example from dialogue: “Maybe I should just stick to mini-golf.” (Recommendation)
  • Example: You should always check the weather before planning an outdoor event.
• Might / Could: Expresses possibility or a less certain prediction.
  • Example (implied from dialogue): “Who knows what tournament to watch anymore?” (It might be confusing)
  • Example: It might rain later, so take an umbrella.
• Must: Expresses strong necessity, obligation, or logical deduction.
  • Example: You must wear a helmet when riding a bicycle. (Obligation)
  • Example: She must be tired after working all night. (Logical deduction)

2. Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and a preposition or adverb (or both) that create a new meaning.

• Catch up on: To get the latest information about something, or to do something that should have been done earlier.
  • Example from dialogue (similar): “You catch the news about golf lately?” (Implies catching up on news)
  • Example: I need to catch up on my sleep this weekend.
• Stick to: To continue doing or using something, or not change.
  • Example from dialogue: “Maybe I should just stick to mini-golf.”
  • Example: It’s important to stick to your plan if you want to achieve your goals.
• Play well together: (Used metaphorically in the dialogue) To combine or interact effectively.
  • Example from dialogue: “‘Ethics’ and ‘billions of dollars’ rarely play well together in the same sandbox.”
  • Example: Our new team members really play well together, their collaboration is excellent.

Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

Complete the sentences using the most appropriate key phrase from the list below. (Some phrases may be used more than once or not at all.)

(Key Phrases: catch the news, sovereign wealth fund, saga, integrity of the sport, sportswashing, divert attention from, principles before profit, money grab, play well together, You’ve got a point)

1. The debate over the new stadium has become a long-running ______ in the city.
2. Many critics argue that hosting the World Cup was an act of ______ for the host nation.
3. Our manager always says that in business, we must put ______ .
4. Did you ______ about the recent changes in the stock market?
5. The politician tried to ______ the scandal by announcing a new public initiative.
6. “We should really start saving more for retirement.” “______.”
7. Some believe the new video game release is just a ______ because it offers very little new content.
8. The recent doping scandal seriously damaged the ______ of competitive cycling.

Exercise 2: Sentence Transformation (Modal Verbs)

Rewrite the following sentences using the modal verb provided, expressing speculation or recommendation.

1. It is possible that he will arrive late. (Use: might)
2. It is a good idea for you to exercise regularly. (Use: should)
3. I am almost certain she is very busy today. (Use: must)
4. Perhaps we will go to the beach tomorrow. (Use: could)

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer the following questions based on the dialogue.

1. What is the main topic of conversation between Alice and Bob?
2. How does Bob humorously misinterpret “sportswashing” at first?
3. What did some players initially call those who joined LIV Golf?
4. What’s Bob’s humorous suggestion for improving golf entertainment?
5. What does Alice eventually suggest she might “stick to” instead of professional golf?

Answers

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks – Answers

1. The debate over the new stadium has become a long-running saga in the city.
2. Many critics argue that hosting the World Cup was an act of sportswashing for the host nation.
3. Our manager always says that in business, we must put principles before profit.
4. Did you catch the news about the recent changes in the stock market?
5. The politician tried to divert attention from the scandal by announcing a new public initiative.
6. “We should really start saving more for retirement.” “You’ve got a point.”
7. Some believe the new video game release is just a money grab because it offers very little new content.
8. The recent doping scandal seriously damaged the integrity of the sport of competitive cycling.

Exercise 2: Sentence Transformation (Modal Verbs) – Answers

1. He might arrive late.
2. You should exercise regularly.
3. She must be very busy today.
4. We could go to the beach tomorrow.

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions – Answers

1. The main topic is the PGA Tour and LIV Golf drama, and the Saudi investment, along with the ethical debates surrounding it.
2. Bob humorously misinterprets “sportswashing” as trying to get a grass stain out of a golf shirt with a diamond-encrusted iron.
3. Initially, some players called those who joined LIV Golf “traitors.”
4. Bob’s humorous suggestion is to combine all tours, make everyone wear matching sparkly jumpsuits, and have a mandatory dance-off after every hole.
5. Alice suggests she might “stick to” mini-golf instead of professional golf.

English Learning: Cricket World Cup Developments

Dialogue

Alice: Hey, Bob! You look like you just saw a ghost, or maybe you won the lottery?

Bob: Oh, Alice, it’s even more dramatic! The Cricket World Cup has gone absolutely bonkers!

Alice: Bonkers? What happened now? Did someone drop the trophy before the final again?

Bob: Worse! Much, much worse! Yesterday, the Mongoose team – the absolute underdogs – actually beat the mighty Lions! Nobody saw it coming.

Alice: Wait, the Mongoose team? Are they like, actual mongooses? Because that would be quite a spectacle.

Bob: (chuckles) No, no, Alice. It’s just their nickname. But they played like they had nine lives! The Lions were completely caught off guard. I was literally on the edge of my seat the whole time.

Alice: “On the edge of your seat.” So you didn’t actually fall off, then? Good. My heart rate can’t handle too much excitement.

Bob: You’re cracking jokes, but this is a seismic shift! Everyone thought the Lions were a shoo-in for the semi-finals. Now, their spot is looking shaky.

Alice: A ‘shoo-in’? Is that like a shoe that just walks right in?

Bob: (sighs dramatically) It means they were a guaranteed winner! Now, this Mongoose upset has completely opened up the group stage. It’s a proper dark horse story unfolding.

Alice: “Dark horse.” So, a mysterious, fast horse that no one expected? I’m getting a crash course in cricket metaphors here.

Bob: Precisely! They’ve come out of nowhere and are now making a real run for the knockout stages. It’s thrilling!

Alice: I guess I should start keeping tabs on it then. You make it sound quite exciting, even for a non-cricket fan like me.

Bob: You absolutely should! The Cheetahs are playing the Eagles next, and that’s going to be another nail-biter. Want to come over and watch? I’ll even explain the rules as we go.

Alice: Hmm, a nail-biter and cricket rules? Maybe. I’ll bring the snacks, you bring the commentary, Bob. Deal?

Bob: Deal! But no laughing at my passionate outbursts!

Alice: No promises, Bob!

Current Situation

The Cricket World Cup is currently experiencing some thrilling and unexpected developments. While traditional powerhouses are striving to maintain their dominance, several “dark horse” teams have emerged, challenging the established order. Recent matches have seen dramatic upsets, keeping fans worldwide on the edge of their seats. Key players are delivering standout performances, and the competition to reach the crucial knockout stages is intensifying. The unpredictability of the tournament so far suggests an exciting conclusion, with every game potentially impacting a team’s journey towards the trophy. Fans are actively keeping tabs on every score, eagerly awaiting who will ultimately triumph.

Key Phrases

• Bonkers: (informal) Crazy or mad. Example: The weather has gone absolutely bonkers; it’s snowing in July!
• Underdogs: Teams or contestants considered unlikely to win a competition or fight. Example: Everyone loves an underdog story where the small team wins against all odds.
• Caught off guard: Surprised by something unexpected. Example: The sudden announcement caught everyone off guard.
• On the edge of my seat: Very excited, nervous, or interested in something. Example: That movie kept me on the edge of my seat until the very end.
• Seismic shift: A major and important change. Example: The new technology represents a seismic shift in the industry.
• Shoo-in: Someone or something that is certain to win or succeed. Example: With his experience, he’s a shoo-in for the promotion.
• Dark horse: A competitor or candidate about whom little is known but who could unexpectedly win. Example: The unknown candidate emerged as a dark horse in the election.
• Come out of nowhere: To appear or succeed suddenly and unexpectedly. Example: The band seemed to come out of nowhere and quickly topped the charts.
• Knockout stages: The part of a tournament where losing a match eliminates a team or player from the competition. Example: Teams need to play their best to reach the knockout stages of the tournament.
• Keeping tabs on: To monitor or observe someone or something carefully. Example: I’m keeping tabs on the stock market to see if prices drop.
• Nail-biter: A game or event that is very exciting and suspenseful until the very end. Example: The final game was a real nail-biter, decided in the last minute.
• Pull off an upset: To achieve an unexpected victory against a stronger opponent. Example: The small team managed to pull off an upset against the champions.

Grammar Points

• Phrasal Verbs: These are verbs combined with a preposition or an adverb (or both) to create a new meaning.
  • Caught off guard: (from “catch off guard”) – To surprise someone by doing something they are not prepared for.
    Example from dialogue: “The Lions were completely caught off guard.”
  • Come out of nowhere: To appear or succeed suddenly and unexpectedly.
    Example from dialogue: “They’ve come out of nowhere and are now making a real run…”
  • Keeping tabs on: To monitor or observe someone or something carefully.
    Example from dialogue: “I guess I should start keeping tabs on it then.”
  • Pull off (an upset): To succeed in doing something difficult or unexpected.
• Idioms and Figurative Language: Expressions whose meaning isn’t obvious from the individual words.
  • On the edge of my seat: Feeling very excited or anxious.
    Example from dialogue: “I was literally on the edge of my seat the whole time.”
  • Shoo-in: A guaranteed winner.
    Example from dialogue: “Everyone thought the Lions were a shoo-in for the semi-finals.”
  • Dark horse: An unexpected winner or competitor.
    Example from dialogue: “It’s a proper dark horse story unfolding.”
  • Nail-biter: A suspenseful or closely contested event.
    Example from dialogue: “…that’s going to be another nail-biter.”
  • Underdog story: A narrative focusing on a disadvantaged participant who triumphs.
• Present Perfect Tense for Recent Events: Used to describe actions that started in the past and continue into the present, or actions completed recently that have a present effect.
  • Example from dialogue: “The Cricket World Cup has gone absolutely bonkers!” (The craziness started recently and is still affecting the present situation.)
• Past Simple Tense for Specific Past Actions: Used for actions that were completed at a specific time in the past.
  • Example from dialogue: “Yesterday, the Mongoose team … actually beat the mighty Lions!” (The beating happened at a specific time: yesterday.)

Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

Complete the sentences using the most appropriate key phrase from the list above. (You might need to adjust the tense.)

1. The unexpected election result led to a ______ in national politics.
2. The detective has been ______ the suspect for weeks.
3. That horror movie was a real ______, I couldn’t look away for a second!
4. The new singer seemed to ______ and quickly became a superstar.
5. Despite being the ______, the small startup managed to ______ against the industry giant.

Exercise 2: Match the Idiom

Match the idiom on the left with its correct meaning on the right.

• 1. Shoo-in a) Feeling very excited or anxious.
• 2. Dark horse b) A suspenseful or closely contested event.
• 3. On the edge of my seat c) A guaranteed winner.
• 4. Nail-biter d) An unexpected winner or competitor.

Exercise 3: Correct the Verb Tense

Read the sentences and correct the verb tense where necessary (Present Perfect or Past Simple).

1. Yesterday, I watch the entire game and it was absolutely thrilling.
2. The team go bonkers since they win the championship last night.
3. I keep tabs on the scores all week, and the results were surprising.
4. He caught off guard by the sudden announcement ten minutes ago.

Answers:

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

1. seismic shift
2. keeping tabs on
3. nail-biter
4. come out of nowhere
5. underdogs, pull off an upset

Exercise 2: Match the Idiom

• 1. Shoo-in – c) A guaranteed winner.
• 2. Dark horse – d) An unexpected winner or competitor.
• 3. On the edge of my seat – a) Feeling very excited or anxious.
• 4. Nail-biter – b) A suspenseful or closely contested event.

Exercise 3: Correct the Verb Tense

1. Yesterday, I watched the entire game and it was absolutely thrilling.
2. The team has gone bonkers since they won the championship last night.
3. I have kept tabs on the scores all week, and the results have been surprising. (or “I kept tabs… and the results were surprising” if referring to a completed period)
4. He was caught off guard by the sudden announcement ten minutes ago.

English Learning: Doping Scandals in International Sports

Dialogue

Current Situation

Doping scandals remain a persistent and significant challenge in international sports. Despite the efforts of organizations like the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) to implement stringent testing protocols and enforce strict penalties, athletes continue to seek illicit advantages. The desire for success, fame, and financial rewards can push some individuals to use performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs).

These substances range from anabolic steroids and human growth hormones to EPO (Erythropoietin) and various stimulants, often combined with masking agents to evade detection. The anti-doping battle is a constant cat-and-mouse game, with scientists developing new detection methods while some athletes and their support teams devise new ways to cheat.

The impact of doping is profound: it tarnishes the reputation of athletes, undermines the integrity of sports, casts doubt on legitimate achievements, and discourages clean athletes who compete fairly. Major events like the Olympics and World Championships are frequently marred by revelations, leading to medal stripping, bans, and public outcry, reinforcing the need for continuous vigilance and education.

Key Phrases

• Doping scandal: An incident involving an athlete illegally using performance-enhancing drugs.

  Example: The cycling world was rocked by a major doping scandal last year.

• Performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs): Substances used to improve athletic performance.

  Example: Using performance-enhancing drugs can lead to severe health risks.

• Undermine the spirit of fair play: To weaken or damage the principle of competing honestly and equally.

  Example: Cheating in any form will undermine the spirit of fair play in sports.

• Positive test: A test result indicating the presence of a banned substance.

  Example: The athlete was immediately disqualified after her positive test for steroids.

• Clean athlete: An athlete who competes without using illegal performance-enhancing drugs.

  Example: We need to protect and celebrate the achievements of clean athletes.

• Harsh penalties: Severe punishments for breaking rules.

  Example: The league introduced harsh penalties to deter players from doping.

• Come up with: To think of or suggest an idea, plan, or excuse.

  Example: He tried to come up with a believable story for his absence.

• Turn out: To be discovered or revealed to be.

  Example: The mysterious package turned out to be just a box of old clothes.

• Credit (something) to (something/someone): To attribute something (e.g., success) to a particular cause or person.

  Example: She credited her success to years of hard work and dedication.

Grammar Points

1. Modal Verbs for Speculation and Deduction

Modal verbs like must, might, could, should, and phrases like probably are used to express how certain we are about something, or to make deductions based on evidence or general knowledge.

• Must / Probably: Used when you are almost certain something is true.

  Example: Alice: He probably just had an espresso IV drip. (Alice is quite sure)

  Example: She hasn’t eaten all day; she must be starving.

• Might / Could: Used when you think something is possible, but you are not certain.

  Example: Bob: Maybe they should have a separate competition. (Bob is suggesting a possibility/idea)

  Example: Bob: I wonder what excuse they’ll come up with next. (Bob is speculating about future possibilities)

  Example: It could rain later, so take an umbrella.

• Should: Used to express what is expected or advisable.

  Example: Bob: Hopefully, with better testing and harsher penalties, we’ll see fewer of these headlines. (An expectation/hope)

2. Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and a preposition or adverb (or both) that create a new meaning, often different from the original verb’s meaning.

• Come up with: To invent or think of an idea, plan, suggestion, or excuse.

  Example: Bob: I wonder what excuse they’ll come up with next.

• Turn out: To happen in a particular way; to be discovered to be.

  Example: Bob: Turned out the charm was a microscopic vial of EPO.

• Credit (something) to (something/someone): To attribute something (e.g., success, a characteristic) to a particular cause or person.

  Example: Alice: a marathon runner credited his sudden burst of speed to a new ‘super-caffeine’ smoothie.

Practice Exercises

English Learning: Sports Technology and Wearables

Dialogue

Current Situation

Sports technology and wearables have transformed how athletes, fitness enthusiasts, and even casual users monitor and enhance their physical activity and health. Once confined to professional sports, these devices are now mainstream, offering a plethora of data points right from our wrists, shoes, or clothing.

Modern smartwatches and fitness trackers are at the forefront, providing real-time metrics like heart rate, steps, calories burned, sleep quality, and GPS tracking for runs and rides. Advanced features include VO2 max estimation, recovery time recommendations, and personalized coaching insights powered by artificial intelligence.

Beyond the wrist, smart apparel (like shirts, socks, and insoles) can track muscle activity, posture, foot strike, and even body temperature. Smart water bottles ensure optimal hydration, while smart scales track body composition. The goal is to provide holistic data that helps users optimize performance, prevent injuries, improve overall health, and stay motivated through gamified challenges like “closing activity rings.”

The industry continues to innovate, integrating more sophisticated sensors, longer battery life, and seamless connectivity, making these tools indispensable for anyone looking to understand and improve their physical well-being.

Key Phrases

• engrossed in (something): deeply involved or absorbed in something. He was so engrossed in his workout data, he didn’t notice us.
• post-run stats: statistical data collected after a run (e.g., distance, pace, heart rate). My smartwatch provides detailed post-run stats, including my average pace.
• practically a life coach: almost like a personal mentor or guide for life, often used humorously or to emphasize extensive help. This app manages my finances and schedule; it’s practically a life coach!
• VO2 max: a measure of the maximum amount of oxygen an individual can utilize during intense exercise. Athletes often train to improve their VO2 max for better endurance.
• recovery time: the period needed for the body to recuperate after physical exertion. After a long hike, the tracker recommended 48 hours of recovery time.
• performance readiness: a metric indicating how prepared one’s body is for physical activity, often based on sleep, recovery, and stress. My tracker shows my performance readiness is low today, so I’ll take it easy.
• optimal stress levels: the ideal amount of physical or mental stress for a positive outcome or adaptation, not too much or too little. The coach aims for optimal stress levels in training to avoid overtraining.
• benevolent overlord: a ruler or powerful entity that is kind and well-meaning but still controls everything (often used humorously to describe technology). My smart home system is becoming a benevolent overlord, turning lights on and off without me asking.
• foot strike: the way a runner’s foot makes contact with the ground (e.g., heel, midfoot, forefoot). Analyzing your foot strike can help prevent running injuries.
• pronating too much: when the foot rolls inward excessively during walking or running. Specialized shoes can help runners who are pronating too much.
• splurged on (something): spent a lot of money on something, often unnecessarily or as a treat. I finally splurged on those noise-canceling headphones.
• trust (something) implicitly: trust something completely, without any doubts. She trusts her GPS implicitly, even when it tells her to turn down a dirt road.
• vibrated furiously: shook intensely and rapidly. My phone vibrated furiously in my pocket, signaling an urgent call.
• close my activity rings: complete the daily activity goals (e.g., move, exercise, stand) common on some fitness trackers like Apple Watch. I walk every evening to make sure I close my activity rings.
• not infallible: not perfect; capable of making mistakes. While AI is powerful, it is not infallible and can sometimes make errors.
• couch potato activity: humorous term for being lazy or inactive, like watching TV for long periods. My weekend consisted mostly of couch potato activity and snacks.
• revolutionize your (something): to completely change (something), especially by introducing new methods, equipment, or ideas. The internet has revolutionized the way we communicate.

Grammar Points

1. Present Perfect Continuous (e.g., “What’s got you so engrossed?”)

The Present Perfect Continuous tense is used to talk about an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present, or has just stopped but its effects are still visible.

Structure: Subject + have/has + been + verb-ing (present participle)

• Example from dialogue (implied): Bob is engrossed because he has been checking his stats.
• Another example: “I’ve been checking my stats all morning.” (The action started in the morning and continues or just finished.)
• Another example: “The smart insoles have been tracking my foot strike for weeks.” (The tracking started weeks ago and is still ongoing.)

2. Phrasal Verbs (e.g., “saving up,” “check out,” “turns out”)

Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and a preposition or adverb (or both) that create a new meaning different from the original verb.

• Saving up: To save money over a period of time for a specific purpose. I’m saving up for a new bike.
• Check out: To examine something, or to find out more about something. Check out this new feature on my fitness tracker!
• Turns out: To be discovered or revealed, especially unexpectedly. It turns out my tracker thought stirring coffee was exercise.
• Go for: To choose or opt for something; also to engage in an activity. I decided to go for a run despite the recommendation.

3. Quantifiers and Adverbs of Degree (e.g., “too much,” “mostly,” “surprisingly”)

These words modify nouns or verbs to indicate quantity, amount, or intensity.

• Too much: Indicates an excessive amount or degree. I ate too much cake. My feet were pronating too much.
• Mostly: Indicates that something is true for the most part, but not entirely. I mostly trust the tech, but sometimes it’s wrong.
• Surprisingly: Indicates that something is unexpected or causes surprise. The device is surprisingly accurate.
• Implicitly: Without reservation or doubt; totally. Do you trust this tech implicitly?

4. Conditional Sentences (Type 1: Real Possibility)

Used to talk about a real and possible situation in the future and its likely result.

Structure: If + Present Simple, … will + Base Verb / Imperative / Modal verb

• Example from dialogue: “What if it tells you to run a marathon when you’re clearly unwell?” (This is a question form, but follows the same logic.)
• Another example: “If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.”
• Another example: “If you charge your smartwatch tonight, it will last all day tomorrow.”

Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks with Key Phrases

Choose the best key phrase from the list to complete each sentence. (You may need to change the form slightly, e.g., ‘engrossed’ to ‘engrossed in’).

1. After my bike ride, I checked my __________ to see my average speed and distance.
2. She was so __________ her new novel that she didn’t hear the doorbell.
3. My personal trainer is so thorough; he’s __________ for my fitness journey.
4. The app told me my __________ was high, so I felt ready for a strenuous workout.
5. Many runners try to avoid __________ because it can lead to knee pain.
6. I decided to __________ a new pair of smart headphones.
7. My tracker __________ during my meeting, reminding me to stand up.
8. You shouldn’t __________ every piece of information you read online; always verify.

Exercise 2: Sentence Transformation (Present Perfect Continuous)

Rewrite the following sentences using the Present Perfect Continuous tense.

1. She monitors her heart rate for an hour. (She started an hour ago and is still doing it.)
2. They train for the marathon all year. (They started training at the beginning of the year and are still training.)
3. I study sports science since college. (I started studying in college and am still doing so, maybe through a master’s or research.)
4. The company develops new wearable technology for a decade. (Development began ten years ago and continues.)

Exercise 3: Choose the Correct Phrasal Verb

Select the correct phrasal verb to complete each sentence.

1. I’m (saving up / giving up) for a new smart bike.
2. Let’s (check out / look up) that new gym with all the high-tech equipment.
3. He felt tired, but decided to (go for / give in) a short walk.
4. It (turns out / makes up) that the sensor was faulty, not my technique.

Exercise 4: Using Conditional Sentences (Type 1)

Complete the following sentences using a Type 1 conditional. Use your own ideas for the second part of the sentence.

1. If my fitness tracker tells me I need more sleep, …
2. If you buy a smart water bottle, …
3. If the weather is good tomorrow, …
4. If Alice gets a wearable, …

English Learning Content: Tokyo Marathon 2025 Highlights

Dialogue

Alice: Bob, did you hear about the Tokyo Marathon 2025?

Bob: Alice, I did! My social media is already buzzing with “I’m training for it!” posts. Like, really?

Alice: Tell me about it. I saw a guy post about his ‘long run’ being 5k. I nearly choked on my coffee.

Bob: Hey, 5k is a start! For *some* people. Me, I’m just looking forward to the epic costumes.

Alice: Ah, the costume runners! They’re definitely a highlight. Remember the guy dressed as a giant sushi roll?

Bob: How could I forget? He was practically rolling himself across the finish line. I bet his soy sauce dipping station was a hit.

Alice: You’d think they’d trip. But no, they power through. What are you actually looking forward to, Bob? The elite runners breaking records?

Bob: Honestly? The drama. Will someone bonk spectacularly? Will there be a surprise underdog winner? It’s like a live-action sports soap opera.

Alice: You’re terrible! But true, the stories are always gripping. I’m excited to see if they introduce any new tech or course changes.

Bob: Oh, definitely. Imagine if they had a giant conveyor belt for the last 5k. Instant personal bests for everyone!

Alice: That defeats the purpose, you couch potato! But a massage station at the 30k mark? Now *that* I could get behind.

Bob: Genius! Or maybe a ramen stand at the halfway point. Fueling up in style.

Alice: You’re just thinking with your stomach, as usual. I’m more curious about the atmosphere. The crowds are always incredible.

Bob: That’s it, Alice! The energy from the spectators is infectious. Even if you’re just watching from your sofa, you feel it.

Alice: Exactly. It’s truly one of the biggest spectacles in Tokyo. Maybe we should go watch it live this time?

Bob: Only if you promise to hold my ramen for me while I cheer. My arms get tired.

Alice: Deal! But you’re buying the ramen.

Current Situation

The Tokyo Marathon is one of the six World Marathon Majors, attracting both elite professional runners and a massive field of enthusiastic amateurs from around the globe. Held annually, typically in early March, it’s renowned for its flat, fast course that winds through some of Tokyo’s most iconic districts, offering breathtaking views and incredible crowd support. For 2025, anticipation is already building for another spectacular event.

Runners vie for coveted spots through a lottery system, and the event is celebrated not just for its athletic prowess but also for the vibrant atmosphere, unique Japanese hospitality, and often, the incredible creativity displayed by costume-clad participants. Highlights usually include record-breaking attempts by top athletes, inspiring stories of perseverance, and the sheer spectacle of thousands of runners painting the city streets with their determination.

Key Phrases

• buzzing with posts: Full of social media updates or messages.
  My feed is buzzing with posts about the new Marvel movie.
• choked on my coffee: To laugh or be surprised so much that you almost cough while drinking. (Used idiomatically for extreme surprise/amusement).
  He told such a ridiculous joke, I nearly choked on my coffee.
• epic costumes: Very impressive, grand, or spectacular outfits.
  The carnival parade was famous for its epic costumes.
• power through: To continue working or doing something difficult until it is finished.
  Despite feeling tired, she decided to power through the last few miles of her run.
• bonk spectacularly: (Slang, especially in endurance sports) To hit “the wall” or suddenly run out of energy in a very noticeable or dramatic way.
  He ran too fast at the start and was worried he might bonk spectacularly before the finish line.
• underdog winner: A person or team that is not expected to win but does.
  No one expected the small team to win, but they became the ultimate underdog winner.
• couch potato: An idle person who spends a lot of time watching television.
  After a long week, all I want to do is be a couch potato and watch movies.
• get behind (an idea/plan): To support or agree with something.
  That’s a fantastic proposal! I can definitely get behind that.
• thinking with your stomach: Making decisions or expressing desires primarily based on hunger or a craving for food.
  You always want to go to a buffet; you’re constantly thinking with your stomach!
• infectious (energy/laughter): (Of a feeling or quality) likely to spread to and affect others.
  Her enthusiasm for the project was infectious, motivating everyone around her.
• spectacle: An event or scene regarded in terms of its visual impact, especially one that is impressive or dramatic.
  The fireworks display was a magnificent spectacle.

Grammar Points

• Phrasal Verbs: These are combinations of a verb and a preposition or adverb (or both), which create a new meaning.
  • Power through: To complete a difficult task.
    Example: She had to power through the intense workout.
  • Get behind (an idea/plan): To support or endorse something.
    Example: The whole team will get behind this new strategy.
• Idiomatic Expressions: Phrases or expressions whose meaning cannot be understood from the ordinary meaning of its words.
  • Choke on your coffee: To react with surprise or laughter while drinking.
    Example: He almost choked on his coffee when he heard the news.
  • Thinking with your stomach: Making decisions based on hunger.
    Example: Stop thinking with your stomach and choose a healthy meal!
  • Couch potato: A person who spends a lot of time watching TV and not doing much exercise.
    Example: After my exams, I’m going to be a total couch potato for a week.
• Future Simple (will): Used for predictions, spontaneous decisions, or promises.
  • Predictions: Will someone bonk spectacularly?
  • Spontaneous Decisions: Don’t worry, I will help you.
  • Promises: I will call you tomorrow.
• Present Continuous for Future Plans: Used for definite plans or arrangements in the near future.
  • We are meeting Alice for dinner at 7 PM tonight. (It’s a definite plan)
  • They are leaving for the airport tomorrow morning. (Arranged travel)

Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

Use the correct key phrase from the list (buzzing with posts, choked on my coffee, power through, couch potato, get behind, thinking with your stomach, infectious, spectacle).

1. My social media is already ___________ about the new concert tickets.
2. She tried to tell a joke, but I almost ___________ when she messed up the punchline.
3. Even though he was tired, he managed to ___________ the last mile of the race.
4. My friend is such a ___________; he never wants to leave the house.
5. That’s a brilliant idea! I can definitely ___________ that plan.
6. You always want to order pizza; you’re always ___________.
7. The energy of the crowd was ___________.
8. The carnival parade was a magnificent ___________.

Exercise 2: Choose the Correct Future Form

Complete the sentences using will or the present continuous (be + -ing) for future actions.

1. I think it ___________ (rain) tomorrow.
2. We ___________ (meet) Alice for dinner at 7 PM tonight. (It’s a definite plan)
3. He’s running so fast, he ___________ (tire out) quickly.
4. “The phone is ringing!” “Don’t worry, I ___________ (answer) it.”
5. What time ___________ (they / leave) for the airport tomorrow morning? (It’s a definite plan)

Exercise 3: Answer the Questions

Based on the dialogue, answer the following questions in complete sentences.

1. What is Bob most looking forward to at the Tokyo Marathon?
2. What kind of runners do Alice and Bob find particularly humorous?
3. What absurd ideas do Bob and Alice have for the marathon course?
4. What does Alice suggest they do for the 2025 marathon?

Answers

Exercise 1 Answers

1. buzzing with posts
2. choked on my coffee
3. power through
4. couch potato
5. get behind
6. thinking with your stomach
7. infectious
8. spectacle

Exercise 2 Answers

1. will rain
2. are meeting
3. will tire out
4. will answer
5. are they leaving

Exercise 3 Answers

1. Bob is most looking forward to the drama and epic costumes, like people bonking spectacularly or a surprise underdog winner.
2. Alice and Bob find the costume runners particularly humorous.
3. Bob suggests a giant conveyor belt for the last 5k and a ramen stand at the halfway point. Alice suggests a massage station at the 30k mark.
4. Alice suggests they go watch the 2025 marathon live this time.

English Learning Content: Rugby World Cup 2027 Build-Up

Dialogue

Alice and Bob, friends, are discussing the upcoming Rugby World Cup.

Alice: Bob, you will not believe what I just read!

Bob: Alice, what’s got you all revved up this early? Did you find a discount on those fancy rugby shirts again?

Alice: Better! The Rugby World Cup 2027 build-up is officially kicking into high gear! Australia’s going all out!

Bob: Oh, right, 2027. So, more talk about new stadiums and… did they finally decide if the Wallabies will try to win this time?

Alice: Hey! Optimism, Bob! They’re investing in grassroots rugby, improving facilities, and rumour has it they’re even considering a giant, inflatable rugby ball as a national monument!

Bob: A giant inflatable rugby ball? Alice, are you sure you didn’t accidentally read a children’s book on stadium architecture?

Alice: It was a very reliable source! Probably. Anyway, the excitement is palpable. Teams are already looking for their secret weapons. I heard one coach is making his players train exclusively on sandy beaches to improve agility.

Bob: Sandy beaches? My secret weapon for 2027 will be a comfy sofa and a giant bag of crisps. Much less sand in my socks.

Alice: That’s why you’re a spectator, not a prop forward! But seriously, imagine the atmosphere! The host nation always puts on such a show.

Bob: True. And the rivalries will be legendary. I’m already picturing a final between, say, New Zealand and… a team of very determined kangaroos.

Alice: Hilarious. But speaking of teams, who do you think will be the dark horse this time? Every RWC has one!

Bob: Hmm, the dark horse. Maybe Italy? If they can just figure out how to perfectly execute a “pizza pass” during a scrum.

Alice: Bob, there’s no such thing as a “pizza pass”! You’re making that up!

Bob: Is there not? Well, there should be! Think of the strategic advantage! Anyway, I’m actually looking forward to the build-up. It’s like a four-year-long countdown party.

Alice: Exactly! Now, about those new shirts… I saw a limited edition design. You in?

Current Situation

The Rugby World Cup 2027 is set to take place in Australia, marking the country’s third time hosting the prestigious tournament. The “build-up” phase involves extensive preparations across multiple fronts. This includes significant infrastructure developments, such as stadium upgrades and transport improvements, to ensure world-class facilities for teams and fans. On the sporting side, national teams are already strategizing, developing player pipelines, and engaging in test matches to fine-tune their squads. There’s a strong focus on grassroots rugby development in Australia, aiming to capitalize on the home advantage and inspire a new generation of players. Fan engagement initiatives and marketing campaigns are also ramping up, creating anticipation for what promises to be a thrilling global event.

Key Phrases

• Build-up: The period of preparation and anticipation leading up to a major event.
  • Example: The build-up to the Rugby World Cup 2027 is already creating a buzz among fans.
• Kicking into high gear: To start happening at a much faster or more intense rate.
  • Example: With two years to go, preparations for the tournament are really kicking into high gear.
• Host nation: The country chosen to hold a large event, such as an Olympic Games or a World Cup.
  • Example: As the host nation, Australia will have the advantage of playing on home soil.
• Grassroots rugby: Rugby played by ordinary people, rather than by professional players.
  • Example: Investing in grassroots rugby is crucial for developing future talent.
• Palpable: (Of a feeling or atmosphere) so intense as to be almost touched or felt.
  • Example: The excitement for the opening ceremony was almost palpable.
• Secret weapon: A strategy, skill, or person whose existence or effectiveness is unknown to others, giving an advantage.
  • Example: Many teams hope to discover a secret weapon player before the tournament.
• Prop forward: A position in rugby union, one of the eight players in the scrum.
  • Example: Being a prop forward requires immense strength and technique.
• Dark horse: A competitor or candidate about whom little is known but who unexpectedly wins or succeeds.
  • Example: Some analysts believe Argentina could be the dark horse of the 2027 World Cup.
• Scrum: A way of restarting play in rugby where opposing forwards interlock in three rows and push against each other.
  • Example: The referee blew the whistle for a scrum after the knock-on.

Grammar Points

1. Future Tense (Simple Future & “Be Going To”)

Used to talk about actions or states that will happen in the future.

• Simple Future (will + base verb): Often used for predictions, spontaneous decisions, or promises.
  • Example (Prediction): “Australia will host the Rugby World Cup in 2027.”
  • Example (Spontaneous decision): “I will watch every single match!”
• “Be Going To” (am/is/are + going to + base verb): Used for plans or intentions that have already been made, or for predictions based on current evidence.
  • Example (Planned action): “They are going to build new training facilities.”
  • Example (Prediction based on evidence): “The team is going to win if they keep playing like this.”

2. Present Perfect Continuous (Has/Have been + -ing verb)

Used to talk about actions that started in the past and are still continuing up to the present moment, often emphasizing the duration.

• Example: “Teams have been preparing for this tournament for months.” (Preparation started in the past and is still ongoing)
• Example: “The organizers have been planning the event meticulously.” (Planning started and continues)

3. Modal Verbs for Possibility/Speculation (Could, Might)

Used to express that something is possible but not certain.

• Could: Suggests a general possibility.
  • Example: “Italy could be a dark horse in the tournament.” (It’s possible)
• Might: Suggests a slightly weaker or more uncertain possibility.
  • Example: “They might introduce new rules for player safety.” (It’s a possibility, but not definite)

Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks with Future Tense (will / be going to)

1. The organizers ____________ (finish) the stadium improvements by next year. (plan)
2. I think the final match ____________ (be) incredibly exciting. (prediction)
3. Organizers ____________ (launch) a new marketing campaign soon. (plan)
4. Don’t worry, I ____________ (record) the game for you if you miss it. (promise)
5. Look at those players! They ____________ (win) this scrum easily. (evidence)

Answers:

1. are going to finish
2. will be
3. are going to launch
4. will record
5. are going to win

Exercise 2: Use Present Perfect Continuous

Rewrite the following sentences using the Present Perfect Continuous tense.

1. (The teams / train) hard for the World Cup since last year.
2. (The government / invest) heavily in sports infrastructure for the past three years.
3. (Fans / talk) about the potential winners non-stop.
4. (The committee / work) on the opening ceremony plans for months.

Answers:

1. The teams have been training hard for the World Cup since last year.
2. The government has been investing heavily in sports infrastructure for the past three years.
3. Fans have been talking about the potential winners non-stop.
4. The committee has been working on the opening ceremony plans for months.

Exercise 3: Choose the Correct Modal Verb (could / might)

1. If they play well, they ____________ make it to the semi-finals. (possibility)
2. I heard a rumor that they ____________ announce the full schedule next month. (weaker possibility)
3. It’s very cold, so the players ____________ struggle with the conditions. (possibility)
4. Argentina ____________ be a strong contender, but it’s too early to say for sure. (general possibility)

Answers:

1. could
2. might
3. might
4. could